media representations

• What groups are often stereotyped by the media?

  Ethnic minorities, gay people, and disabled people
• What did Croteau and Hoynes find about newspaper management in the mid-90s?

  Only 6% of newspaper management were female
• What percentage of top TV management were women in the mid-90s?

  20%
• How often do women appear in the media compared to men?

  Women appear less often than men
• What percentage of voice overs in advertisements are men according to Cumberbatch?

  Over 90%
• What roles are women often portrayed in the media?

  Domestic and sexual roles
• What is 'symbolic annihilation' as described by Tuchman?

  Women's achievements are shown as less important
• What did Wolf and Orbach argue about media ideals for women?

  They contribute to eating disorders in women
• What does 'symbolic annihilation' mean?

  Negative or false representation or complete ignorance
• How are women often represented in media regarding violence?

  As victims of domestic or sexual violence
• What did Ferguson find in women's magazines?

  They promote stereotypically feminine traits
• How are men portrayed in some advertisements according to the study?

  As incompetent at domestic tasks
• What is binary opposition in media representations?

  Viewing the world in pairs of opposites
• What did Levi-Strauss say about binary opposites?

  One half is culturally marked as positive
• What did Westwood argue about female characters in media?

  Many do not conform to gender stereotypes
• What did Gauntlett find about men's magazines?

  They mirror women's magazines in format
• What does Hermes argue about media images of gender?

  People can reject these media images
• What is the metrosexual male according to Gauntlett?

  A man who cares about his appearance
• What are the key concepts related to representations of women in media?

  • The Male Gaze (Laura Mulvey)
  • The Bechdel Test
  • The Beauty Myth
• How does the media often represent LGBT groups?

  With inaccurate stereotypes or ignores them
• What did Batchelor find about media representations of homosexuality?

  They suggest being gay is an embarrassing problem
• How are gay men often stereotyped in media?

  As camp, macho, or deviant
• What does Gauntlett argue about the acceptance of sexual identities?

  People are more accepting of diverse identities
• What is the impact of media stereotypes on society?

  They can reinforce negative perceptions
• How are disabled people represented in the media?

  They are under-represented
• What did Cumberbatch et al find about disabled people in speaking roles?

  They are poorly represented in speaking roles
• How are roles for disabled people often portrayed?

  Based on pity or comedy
• What positive portrayal of disability is mentioned?

  Stephen Hawking in 'The Theory of Everything'
• How are disabled people represented in powerful media positions?

  They are poorly represented
• What stereotype does Barnes argue about disabled people?

  They are dependent on charity
• How does audience response to media stereotypes vary?

  Depends on personal experience with disability
• What impact do media stereotypes have on society?

  • Reinforce negative perceptions
  • Shape public attitudes
  • Influence individual self-image