the media and its audience

• What does the Hypodermic Syringe Model argue about media influence?

  The media directly influences its audience
• How does the Hypodermic Syringe Model describe the process of media influence?

  It injects messages into the audience's mind
• What does the Hypodermic Syringe Model suggest about individual resistance to media messages?

  Individuals are powerless to resist the message
• In what year did Orson Welles broadcast 'The War of the Worlds'?

  1938
• What was the public reaction to the 'War of the Worlds' broadcast?

  Some listeners panicked, believing it was true
• What do critics argue about the Hypodermic Syringe Model's view of audiences?

  It treats people as passive and easily led
• What evidence do critics provide against the Hypodermic Syringe Model?

  Not all audiences react the same way
• What significant event occurred during the refugee crisis in 2015 related to New Media?

  Images of Aylan Kurdi were shared widely
• How did social media influence mainstream media messages about refugees?

  Mainstream media became more sympathetic
• What does the Two Step Flow Model suggest about media influence?

  Not everyone is influenced directly by media
• When was the Two Step Flow Model developed?

  In the 1950s
• What are the two steps in the Two Step Flow Model?

  Media message reaches audience, social interaction shapes understanding
• Who are 'opinion leaders' in the Two Step Flow Model?

  Key individuals influencing others' reactions
• What did Katz and Lazarsfield study regarding media influence?

  Media influence on American voters
• How does the Two Step Flow Model explain the spread of media messages?

  Messages can go through several stages of interpretation
• What does cultural effects theory emphasize about media interpretation?

  Social context is important for interpretation
• How does cultural effects theory explain audience responses?

  Responses vary based on cultural background
• What does 'culture' refer to in the context of media responses?

  Subcultural groups and wider society
• How did Cantril explain the response to 'War of the Worlds'?

  It was influenced by the cultural context of the time
• Why might the audience have believed the 'War of the Worlds' broadcast?

  Bad news interruptions were common at the time
• What did Stuart Hall argue about media messages?

  People decode messages differently based on background
• What can media reporting of deviance lead to?

  Creation of moral panics
• Who studied the Mods and Rockers moral panic?

  Stan Cohen
• How can media messages reinforce cultural norms?

  By building up over time
• What campaign did feminists run regarding media content?

  To remove topless pictures from The Sun
• What did McLuhan claim about media technology?

  It has a greater effect than media content
• What are 'hot' and 'cool' media according to McLuhan?

  'Hot media' requires less effort to understand
• What is a challenge in measuring long-term media effects?

  It's difficult to measure objectively
• What has research focused on regarding violent media?

  Its effect on audience behavior
• What did Newson argue about exposure to violent media?

  It can lead to desensitization to violence
• What did Bandura's study demonstrate about children and violent media?

  Children imitate violent behavior they see
• What was the context of the 2012 Aurora shooting?

  A gunman killed 12 people at a Batman screening
• How did the media link the Aurora shooting to the film?

  They claimed the gunman was influenced by it
• What does the Glasgow University Media Group (GUMG) study?

  Effects of news and current affairs reporting
• What did GUMG find regarding audience beliefs during The Miner’s Strike?

  54% believed picket lines were mostly violent
• What did Cumberbatch conclude about violent media research?

  No clear evidence links violent media to behavior
• What positive effect might violent media have according to Young?

  It raises awareness of violent crime consequences
• What did Fesbach and Sanger argue about violent media?

  It allows safe release of aggression
• What criticism did Gauntlett have regarding Bandura's study?

  It was conducted in an artificial environment
• What alternative approach did Gauntlett prefer for studying children?

  Imaginative methods in natural settings