long term memory

• What type of memory are episodic memories classified as?

  Declarative
• Why are episodic memories considered explicit?

  They can be consciously recalled and inspected
• What do episodic memories involve?

  Memories of personal episodes or life events
• What specific details do episodic memories contain?

  Details of events, emotions, time, and place
• What type of memory is semantic memory classified as?

  Declarative and explicit
• What do semantic memories involve?

  Facts, concepts, and meanings of objects
• How is semantic memory distinct from episodic memory?

  Semantic memory is shared knowledge, episodic is personal
• How do semantic memories develop from episodic memories?

  They become divorced from the original experience
• What type of memory is procedural memory classified as?

  Non-declarative and implicit
• What does procedural memory involve?

  Knowing how to do something without effort
• What allows procedural memory to be automatic?

  Practice and repetition
• What brain areas are associated with procedural memory?

  Neocortex, primary motor cortex, cerebellum
• What do case studies support regarding long-term memory types?

  • Distinction between different types of LTM
  • Example: HM's poor semantic and episodic memory
  • Example: Clive Wearing's intact procedural memory
• What did HM demonstrate about procedural memory?

  He learned new motor skills through practice
• What did Clive Wearing demonstrate about memory types?

  He could play the piano despite memory loss
• What research supports the distinction of LTM types?

  • Brain imaging studies (Tulving 1989)
  • PET scans show different brain activity
  • MRI and fMRI research supports distinctions
• What did the PET scans reveal about episodic and semantic memories?

  Different brain areas are activated for each
• What do dementia and Alzheimer's patients lose first?

  Episodic and semantic memories
• What supports the functional distinction between types of LTM?

  Loss of episodic before procedural memories
• What happens to patients with hippocampus damage?

  They lose episodic memories but retain procedural
• What are methodological issues with case studies?

  • Small sample sizes
  • Neuroatypical participants
  • Potential researcher bias
  • Difficulty in replicating findings
• What is a confounding variable in case study research?

  Brain plasticity following trauma
• Why is it challenging to establish reliability in case studies?

  Unique experiences are hard to replicate
• What is a limitation of case studies regarding memory performance?

  No evidence of memory performance before trauma