Neuro

• What is the primary effect of alcohol on neurotransmission in the brain?

  It balances inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission

  
• How does alcohol affect the balance of neurotransmission?

  It alters the balance between inhibition and excitation

  
• What are the effects of alcohol on neurotransmission?

  • Inhibitory neurotransmission increases
  • Excitatory neurotransmission decreases
  • Overall balance shifts towards inhibition

  
• Who conducted the research on alcohol's effects on neurotransmission?

  Valenzuela in 1997
• What does the schematic representation illustrate?

  Alcohol's effects on neurotransmission balance

  
• What type of neurotransmission does alcohol primarily enhance?

  Inhibitory neurotransmission

  
• What is the consequence of increased inhibitory neurotransmission due to alcohol?

  It leads to decreased overall brain activity

  
• How does the alteration of neurotransmission by alcohol affect behavior?

  It can lead to impaired judgment and coordination

  
• What is the relationship between inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission when alcohol is consumed?

  Inhibitory increases while excitatory decreases

  
• Why is it important to understand alcohol's effects on neurotransmission?

  To comprehend its impact on behavior and health

  
• What might be a long-term effect of alcohol on neurotransmission?

  Potential development of addiction or dependency

  
• What is the primary function of cGMP phosphodiesterase in the retina?

  It stimulates cGMP phosphodiesterase
• How does the stimulation of cGMP phosphodiesterase affect retinal function?

  It regulates phototransduction in photoreceptors
• If cGMP phosphodiesterase is inhibited, what would likely happen to vision?

  Vision would be impaired due to excess cGMP
• What is the relationship between cGMP levels and photoreceptor activity?

  Higher cGMP levels increase photoreceptor activity
• What is the role of cGMP in the phototransduction cascade?

  It acts as a second messenger
• Why is the regulation of cGMP important in the retina?

  It ensures proper signal transduction for vision
• What would be the effect of a drug that increases cGMP levels in the retina?

  It could lead to enhanced photoreceptor signaling
• How does the inhibition of cGMP phosphodiesterase affect the visual signal?

  It disrupts the normal phototransduction process
• What happens to cGMP levels when light hits the photoreceptors?

  cGMP levels decrease
• What is the consequence of decreased cGMP levels in photoreceptors?

  It leads to hyperpolarization of the cell
• If a mutation affects cGMP phosphodiesterase function, what might be a potential outcome?

  It could result in vision disorders
• How does the phototransduction cascade illustrate the role of second messengers?


  It shows how cGMP mediates signal amplification
• What is the effect of light on cGMP levels in the retina?

  Light decreases cGMP levels
• Why is cGMP considered a second messenger in the retina?

  It transmits signals from receptors to effectors
• How would a deficiency in cGMP phosphodiesterase affect retinal signaling?

  It would lead to prolonged signaling in photoreceptors
• What role does cGMP play in the adaptation of the retina to light changes?


  It helps regulate the sensitivity of photoreceptors
• What is the primary effect of light on photoreceptors?

  It causes hyperpolarization
• How does hyperpolarization of photoreceptors affect neurotransmitter release?

  It reduces neurotransmitter release
• If a drug enhances cGMP levels, what would be the expected effect on photoreceptor activity?

  Increased photoreceptor activity
• What is the significance of cGMP in the context of retinal signaling pathways?

  It is crucial for converting light signals into electrical signals
• What is the overall effect of light on the phototransduction cascade?

  It initiates a series of biochemical changes
• How does the phototransduction cascade exemplify signal transduction?

  It demonstrates how external signals are converted to cellular responses
• What would be the impact of a malfunctioning cGMP phosphodiesterase on vision?

  It could lead to visual impairments
• How does the regulation of cGMP levels affect the overall function of the retina?

  It is essential for maintaining proper visual function
• What is the consequence of increased cGMP levels in photoreceptors?

  It leads to depolarization of the cell
• Why is the balance of cGMP levels critical in the retina?

  It ensures proper signaling for vision
• If a treatment increases cGMP levels, what might be a potential side effect?

  Increased sensitivity to light
• How does the phototransduction cascade illustrate the importance of second messengers?

  It shows how cGMP mediates signal amplification
• What is the role of cGMP phosphodiesterase in the retina?

  It stimulates synaptic function