Approaches

• Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What did Wundt establish in Germany in the 1870s?

  The world's first psychological laboratory
• What was the significance of Wundt's work?

  It established psychology as a scientific field
• What experimental technique did Wundt use?

  Introspection
• What were participants trained to do in Wundt's introspection method?

  Report conscious experiences objectively
• How did Wundt's methods differ from modern psychological techniques?

  His methods are considered subjective
• What criticism did Wundt face regarding his use of inference?

  Inferences could be mistaken assumptions
• What did behaviorists reject in their study of psychology?

  The study of internal mental states
• What is the behaviorist view of the mind?

  The mind is a black box
• Who were the leading theorists in behaviorism?

  Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning by association
• What was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's experiment?

  A metronome
• What does the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) trigger in Pavlov's experiment?

  A reflective unconditioned response
• What did Pavlov's findings demonstrate about dogs?

  They learned an association between stimuli
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning by reinforcement
• What did Skinner use to demonstrate operant conditioning?

  A Skinner box
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Adding a pleasant stimulus
• What happens during extinction in operant conditioning?

  The behavior stops when reinforcement ceases
• What is a criticism of Pavlov and Skinner's research?

  Findings may not generalize to humans
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Learning by observing rewards given to others
• Who conducted the Bobo doll study?

  Albert Bandura
• What was the main finding of the Bobo doll study?

  Children imitated aggressive behavior
• What is a limitation of the Bobo doll study's ecological validity?

  Lab setting may not reflect real life
• What does the cognitive approach study?

  Internal mental processes
• What are schemas?

  Mental frameworks of knowledge
• How do schemas affect memory?

  They can lead to inaccuracies
• What is a criticism of the computer model of the mind?

  It is overly simplistic
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to identify?

  Neurological structures linked to mental processes
• What is the role of neurotransmitters?

  Enable communication between neurons
• What is the significance of serotonin?

  Associated with well-being and happiness
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype is genetic code; phenotype is expression
• What do evolutionary psychologists argue?

  Inherited behaviors provide survival advantages
• What is a criticism of biological explanations of behavior?

  They overlook environmental factors
• What is the tripartite structure of personality according to Freud?

  ID, ego, and superego
• What is the pleasure principle?

  ID focuses on satisfying personal needs
• What happens during the oral stage of psychosexual development?

  Pleasure comes from breastfeeding
• What is a criticism of Freud's theories?

  They lack scientific credibility
• What is self-actualization in humanistic psychology?

  Realizing full potential and performing best
• What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

  A model of human motivation
• What is congruence in humanistic psychology?

  Alignment between perceived self and ideal self