Changing Attitudes in Action

• 1.Geneva Summit – November 1985

  Gorbachev met Reagan for first time.

  Outcome: No formal agreements were struck but a good working relationship was established which would bear fruit in the future.
• 2. Reykjavik Summit – October 1986

  Gorbachev was concerned about the danger of nuclear weapons, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster highlighted this fact. Gorbachev proposed phasing out nuclear weapons if USA dropped the SDI program.

  Outcome: USA was never going to give up the SDI program and no formal agreement was reached but improved international relations.
• 3. Washington Summit – December 1987

  Gorbachev now accepted that SDI was there to stay and the USSRs best interests were served by forming agreements which led to disarmament and reduction in military spending.

  Outcome: first US-Soviet summit to lead to a formal treaty – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty. Both countries would abolish all land-based missiles with a range 500-5,000km.
• 4. Moscow Summit – 1988

  Resolved some of the more complex aspects of the INF treaty. Gorbachev travelled to UN later in year and announced a reduction in Warsaw Pact troops.
• 5. Malta Summit – 1989

  Gorbachev met with new US President George Bush.

  Outcome: No new formal agreements, however, both sides viewed this as the end of the Cold War.
• When did the Geneva Summit take place?

  November 1985
• What was the main outcome of the Geneva Summit?

  Good working relationship established
• Who met for the first time at the Geneva Summit?

  Gorbachev and Reagan
• When did the Reykjavik Summit occur?

  October 1986
• What concern did Gorbachev express at the Reykjavik Summit?

  The danger of nuclear weapons
• What event highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons for Gorbachev?

  The Chernobyl nuclear disaster
• What did Gorbachev propose at the Reykjavik Summit?

  Phasing out nuclear weapons
• What was the outcome of the Reykjavik Summit?

  No formal agreement was reached
• When did the Washington Summit take place?

  December 1987
• What did Gorbachev accept at the Washington Summit?

  SDI was there to stay
• What treaty was established at the Washington Summit?

  Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty
• What did the INF Treaty entail?

  Abolition of land-based missiles 500-5,000km
• When did the Moscow Summit occur?

  1988
• What was resolved at the Moscow Summit?

  Complex aspects of the INF treaty
• What announcement did Gorbachev make later in 1988?

  Reduction in Warsaw Pact troops
• When did the Malta Summit take place?

  1989
• Who did Gorbachev meet at the Malta Summit?

  New US President George Bush
• What was the outcome of the Malta Summit?

  No new formal agreements were made
• How did both sides view the Malta Summit?

  As the end of the Cold War