Infection and response

• What are antibiotics?

  Medicines that kill infective bacteria
• How do antibiotics help in treating bacterial diseases?

  They kill infective bacteria inside the body
• What is clinical drug testing?

  Drug testing on healthy volunteers and patients
• What is a communicable disease?

  A disease that can be spread between individuals
• What is the significance of a double blind trial?

  Neither researcher nor patient knows treatment
• What is gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick discharge and pain on urinating
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What is the effect of HIV on the immune system?

  It weakens the immune system
• What disease can HIV lead to?

  AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Recurrent episodes of fever
• What is measles?

  A serious disease caused by a virus
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and a red skin rash
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies from a single clone of cells
• What is the specificity of monoclonal antibodies?

  Specific to one binding site on one antigen
• What is a non-communicable disease?

  A disease that cannot be spread between individuals
• What are non-specific defenses?

  General barriers against various pathogens
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• What is a placebo?

  A substance with no actual effect
• What is the purpose of a placebo in drug testing?

  To compare effects against the actual drug
• What is preclinical drug testing?

  Drug testing in laboratories using cells and animals
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal disease affecting plant leaves
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• What is salmonella?

  A bacterial disease spread by contaminated food
• What are the symptoms of salmonella?

  Fever, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea
• What are side effects?

  Additional effects different from expected drug effects
• What is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

  A plant pathogen affecting many plant species
• What is the effect of TMV on plants?

  Produces a mosaic pattern and limits growth
• What is vaccination?

  Introducing inactive forms of a pathogen
• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To stimulate antibody production by white blood cells
• What is a white blood cell?

  An important immune system cell
• What is the function of white blood cells?

  They produce antibodies and antitoxins