Genetics and anlysis

• What is genetics the study of?

  Heredity and variation in organisms
• How are traits passed from parents to offspring?

  Through genes inherited from parents
• What is a gene?

  A segment of DNA with instructions
• What is an allele?

  Different forms of a gene
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 pairs
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What is the structure of DNA composed of?

  Nucleotides with sugar, phosphate, and base
• What is Mendelian inheritance?

  Laws of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel
• What does the Law of Segregation state?

  Alleles segregate during gamete formation
• What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

  Alleles for different traits are inherited independently
• What are dominant alleles?

  Expressed when present, even one copy
• What are recessive alleles?

  Expressed only if two copies are present
• What is a genotype?

  The genetic makeup of an organism
• What is a phenotype?

  Observable characteristics of an organism
• What is autosomal dominant inheritance?

  One copy of a dominant allele expresses the trait
• What is autosomal recessive inheritance?

  Requires two copies of the allele to express
• What is X-linked inheritance?

  Traits carried on the X chromosome
• What does molecular genetics study?

  Structure and function of genes at a molecular level
• What is the structure of DNA?

  A double helix made of two nucleotide strands
• What is DNA replication?

  Copying DNA before cell division
• What is transcription?

  Copying DNA sequence into messenger RNA
• What is translation?

  Translating mRNA into a protein at ribosome
• What is a mutation?

  A change in the DNA sequence
• What are point mutations?

  A change in a single nucleotide
• What are frameshift mutations?

  Insertions or deletions that shift reading frame
• What are the techniques used in genetic analysis?

  1. Punnett Squares
  2. Pedigree Analysis
  3. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
  4. Gel Electrophoresis
  5. DNA Sequencing
  6. CRISPR-Cas9
• What is a Punnett Square used for?

  To predict genotype and phenotype ratios
• What is pedigree analysis?

  A chart tracking inheritance patterns across generations
• What is PCR used for?

  To amplify a specific segment of DNA
• What is gel electrophoresis?

  A method to separate DNA or protein fragments
• What is DNA sequencing?

  Determining the exact sequence of nucleotides
• What is CRISPR-Cas9?

  A tool for editing genes in living organisms
• What are the applications of genetic engineering and biotechnology?

  • Gene Cloning
  • Transgenic Organisms
  • Gene Therapy
• What is gene cloning?

  Making copies of a gene to study function
• What are transgenic organisms?

  Organisms containing a gene from another species
• What is gene therapy?

  Introducing or altering genetic material to treat diseases
• What does human genetics focus on?

  • Inheritance of traits in humans
  • Genetic disorders and diseases
  • Complex traits like intelligence and height
• What is cystic fibrosis?

  A recessive genetic disorder affecting lungs
• What is sickle cell anemia?

  A recessive disorder caused by hemoglobin mutation
• What is Down syndrome?

  A chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy 21