Ethnicity + Anti-School Subcultures

• What social factor is educational success linked to?

  Ethnicity
• Which 2 ethnicities are more likely to succeed academically?

  Chinese + Indian
• Which 23 ethnicities are more likely to under-perform academically?

  Black Caribbean, Pakistani + Traveller
• Tony Sewell tried to explain why Blk boys underachieve - give 3 reasons:

  1. Poverty
  2. Single mum households
  3. Lack of opportunities + self-belief
• According to Sewell, the culture of what is anti-education?

  the streets
• What is the 'triple quandary' facing Black males?

  1. Not fitting into Yt/MC society
  2. Social perceptions
  3. Peer group - promotes gang culture
• Which 3 ETHNIC anti-skl subs did Mac an Ghail identify?

  1. Rasta Heads
  2. Warriors
  3. Black Sisters
• Who were the 'Rasta Heads' identified by Mac an Ghail?

  Black boys challenging skl system
• Who were the 'Warriors' identified by Mac an Ghail?

  Asian males subtly resisting the skl system
• Who were the 'Black Sisters' identified by Mac an Ghail?

  Asian/African Caribbean girls, anti-skl BUT pro-education
• What did Mirza find when she studied African-Caribbean girls?

  • Resented labelling + racism in schools
  • Adopted strategies to allow them to success e.g. avoiding confrontation
• What did Archer find when studying Muslim boys?

  • Saw themselves as Muslim, NOT Pakistani
  • Joined subs based on RELIGIOUS identity as a response to Islamophobia + demonization of young Muslim men in the media