Unit 1 AHB

• What type of sugar is alpha glucose?

  Hexose sugar
• What is the orientation of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon one of alpha glucose?

  Hydrogen faces upwards, hydroxyl downwards
• How many carbons are in alpha glucose?

  Six carbons
• What is the orientation of the groups on carbon two of alpha glucose?

  Hydrogen upwards, hydroxyl downwards
• What is the orientation of the groups on carbon three of alpha glucose?

  Hydroxyl upwards, hydrogen downwards
• What is the orientation of the groups on carbon four of alpha glucose?

  Hydroxyl downwards, hydrogen upwards
• What is the orientation of the groups on carbon five of alpha glucose?

  Hydrogen downwards, CH2OH group present
• How does the orientation of carbon one differ in beta glucose compared to alpha glucose?

  Hydroxyl faces upwards, hydrogen downwards
• What is metabolism?

  All chemical reactions in cells
• What is a monomer?

  A small chemical unit
• What is a polymer?

  A large molecule from many monomers
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Two molecules bond by losing water
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Breaks a molecule by adding water
• What are the properties of monosaccharides?

  Soluble, sweet tasting, form crystals
• What is maltose made of?

  Two alpha glucose molecules
• What is sucrose made of?

  Glucose and fructose
• What is lactose made of?

  Glucose and galactose
• How is maltose formed?

  By condensation of two glucoses
• What is a glycosidic bond?

  A bond formed between two glucoses
• What is a polysaccharide?

  Carbohydrates made of many monosaccharides
• What is the function of starch?

  Energy storage in plants
• What is the structure of starch?

  Made from amylose and amylopectin
• What is amylose?

  A long straight chain of alpha glucose
• What is amylopectin?

  A straight chain of alpha glucose with branches
• Why is starch insoluble?

  It doesn't affect osmosis
• How is starch beneficial for energy storage?

  It is coiled and compact
• What is the function of glycogen?

  Energy storage in animals
• What is the structure of glycogen?

  Shorter and more branched than starch
• What are triglycerides?

  Energy-rich compounds of glycerol and fatty acids
• What is a phospholipid?

  A lipid with phosphorus, two fatty acids, and glycerol
• What is the role of the phosphate group in phospholipids?

  It is hydrophilic and faces water
• What are the functions of lipids?

  Insulation, energy storage, structural roles
• What are saturated triglycerides?

  No carbon-carbon double bonds
• What are unsaturated fatty acids?

  Fatty acids with one or more double bonds
• What does hydrophobic mean?

  Water-hating
• What does hydrophilic mean?

  Water-loving
• What are the functions of proteins?

  Support, catalysts, hormones, antibodies
• What is the structure of an amino acid?

  Amino group, central carbon, carboxyl group
• What is a dipeptide?

  Two amino acids joined together
• What is a peptide bond?

  Bond between carbon and nitrogen of amino acids