Anaerobic respiration

• If a person's blood lactate level is high, what does this indicate?

  Anaerobic metabolism in the muscles
• According to the image, what is the first phase shown in the exercise period?

  Start exercise
• What does the image show is the difference between oxygen requirement and consumption?

  Oxygen deficit
• What does the image label as 'resting oxygen consumption'?

  The baseline oxygen consumption
• What physiological processes occur during the 'oxygen debt' (or EPOC - Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) phase?

  • Replenishing ATP and creatine phosphate stores
  • Converting lactate to glucose
  • Re-oxygenating myoglobin and hemoglobin
  • Decreasing body temperature
  • Clearing hormones
• What happens to oxygen levels during bursts of high-intensity activity?

  They can't meet the demand
• How does oxygen deficit relate to exercise intensity?

  It occurs when oxygen demand exceeds supply
• What is the process that converts glucose into lactic acid?

  Anaerobic respiration
• What is the chemical formula for lactic acid?


  C₃H₆O₃
• What is the overall equation for the anaerobic respiration of glucose?

  • Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) converts to:
  • 2 Lactic acid (2C₃H₆O₃)
  • ATP (energy)
  • NADH
• When does anaerobic respiration typically occur?

  During intense activities like sprinting
• What analogy is used to explain anaerobic respiration?

  Baking a cake quickly on high heat
• What are the key products of glycolysis?

  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 Pyruvate
• How does the NAD+ regeneration step differ from the ATP generation step in glycolysis?

  NAD+ regeneration recycles NAD+, while ATP generation produces new ATP
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  A process releasing energy from glucose without oxygen
• How can you visualize anaerobic respiration in cooking?

  Baking quickly on high heat without oxygen
• What is the purpose of the glycolysis process shown in the image?

  To convert glucose into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
• How does the NAD+ regeneration step work?

  • 2 Pyruvate are converted to 2 Lactate
  • This regenerates 2 NAD+ from 2 NADH
  • The NAD+ can then be reused in glycolysis
• What is the chemical formula for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What is the role of NADH in anaerobic respiration?

  It will be used later in aerobic respiration
• What is measured on the X-axis of the graph?

  Time
• What is the phase of the process after 'End exercise'?

  End recovery
• What does the image show occurs after exercise stops?

  Oxygen debt
• How are oxygen deficit and oxygen debt related?

  Oxygen debt compensates for the initial oxygen deficit
• What is the relationship between oxygen consumption and exercise intensity?

  • Oxygen consumption rises steeply during exercise
  • Steady-state aerobic respiration is established afterward
  • Initial period is called oxygen deficit
• Why does the body use anaerobic respiration during intense exercise?

  It can't get enough oxygen
• What is the consequence of an acidic environment in muscle cells?

  Muscle fibers cannot contract properly
• Why does muscle tissue convert glucose to lactate during exercise?

  To produce ATP quickly when oxygen is limited
• What are the reactants in aerobic respiration?

  Glucose and oxygen
• How does the metabolism of glucose differ between muscle tissue and the liver?

  Muscle:

  • Converts glucose to lactate via lactic fermentation
  • Uses lactate as a fuel source

  
  

  Liver:

  • Performs gluconeogenesis to synthesize glucose
  • Stores glucose as glycogen
  • Breaks down glycogen to release glucose
• What is the energy yield of anaerobic respiration?

  Low (2 ATP)
• What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

  Ethanol + CO2
• What are the stages of anaerobic respiration?

  Glycolysis, Fermentation
• How does the energy yield of aerobic respiration compare to anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic yields high energy, anaerobic yields low
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?

  CO₂ and H₂O
• What are the effects of muscle fatigue caused by anaerobic respiration?

  Muscles become tired and sore
• What substance is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?

  Lactic acid
• What is the energy yield of aerobic respiration?

  High (36 - 38 ATP)
• Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

  Cytoplasm
• What type of combustion occurs in anaerobic respiration?

  Incomplete