Ethical issues

• What is valid consent in research?

  Providing information for participant agreement
• Why might fully informed consent not be possible?

  Due to necessary deception or field experiments
• How can researchers formally indicate participant agreement?

  By having them sign a document
• What is a potential downside of asking participants to sign a consent document?

  It may reveal the research purpose
• What is presumptive consent in research?

  Consent from a representative small group
• What is the definition of deception in research?

  Withholding or misleading information from participants
• What should happen after a study involving deception?

  Participants should be fully debriefed
• What is retrospective consent?

  Consent given after the study is completed
• How should researchers handle deception in studies?

  Weigh benefits against costs of deception
• What does 'risk of harm' refer to in research?

  Potential stress, anxiety, or humiliation
• How can researchers minimize risk of harm?

  By avoiding risks greater than everyday life
• What should participants be informed about regarding their rights?

  They have the right to withdraw at any time
• Why might harm not be apparent during a study?

  It may only be judged later after reflection
• What is confidentiality in research?

  Protecting participant identities in results
• What is a challenge in maintaining confidentiality?

  Identifying participants despite anonymity measures
• How can researchers protect participant confidentiality?

  By using false names or numbers
• What broader impacts must researchers consider?

  Effects on participants' values and relationships
• What must researchers ensure regarding participants' attitudes?

  They are not demeaned by participation
• How can researchers maintain privacy during research?

  By implementing confidentiality agreements
• Who are considered vulnerable individuals in research?

  Children, patients, and those in custody
• What is required for valid consent from vulnerable individuals?

  Consent from a legally responsible person
• Why might vulnerable participants struggle with informed consent?

  They may not fully understand the research
• What legislation governs research on animals?


  The Animals Act 1986
• What must be considered before conducting research on animals?

  Species suitability and ethical treatment
• How can researchers avoid unnecessary harm to animals?

  By minimizing deaths and illnesses
• What is a requirement regarding the use of animals in research?

  Use only captive bred animals when possible
• What should researchers consider for animal care?

  Care during and after the research
• What is an alternative to using animals in research?

  Computer simulation as a replacement