History - Migration c800-c1500

• Why did Cnut migrate to England?

  To take the throne
• What was Emma of Normandy's nickname and who did she marry?

  Nickname: Peaceweaver

  Married: Both King Aethelred II and Cnut
• Why did Vikings come to England before 865?

  1. trade
  2. raiding
  3. long coastline
• Why did Vikings come to England after 865?

  To settle
• What impact did the Vikings have on language and culture?

  Language: new words e.g club, ransack

  word endings e.g -beck (stream, Holbeck), -by (village, Grimsby)

  Culture: 'Wednesday' + 'Thursday' (Woden's Day and Thor's Day) adapted from Viking beliefs
• What impact did the Vikings have on government?

  Introduced 'Things' - Viking public meetings of all free men and women to decide laws by voting
• What impact did the Vikings have on the economy?

  Cnut established a small empire across the North Sea which was good for trade
• What was the experience of Viking migrants?

  Many converted to Christianity or kept both religions (e.g the Middleton Cross)

  St Brice's Day - Aethelred II ordered the massacre of all Danish people living in English territory
• When was St Brice's Day?

  13th November 1002
• Why did the Norman conquest (1066) change life in England?

  Politically: introduction of the Feudal system, control for the King and all had to swear loyalty to him [new ruling class + more power for the king]

  Commercially: Normans brought new people into trade and finance, English wool trade began, Jews working in finance [money and jobs improved country's finance]

  Culturally: Norman French became language of the aristocracy, French words entered English [upper and lower class divided by language and culture]

  Environmentally: Normans built stone castles and cathedrals/churches
• Why did the Vikings go to York?

  Geographical advantage - the river was deep allowing long boats through

  Already an established town for trade

  Capital of Saxon kingdom Northumbria
• What impact did the Vikings have on York?

  Trade: amber, silver, gold, tin and silk all traded

  Culture: reindeer antler combs, place names e.g Coppergate (cupmaker street)
• When did the Vikings capture York?

  1st November 866
• When was the height of the English wool trade?

  1250-1350
• What happened to Jews in 1190?

  One of the worst anti-Semitic massacres of the Middle Ages took place in York in 1190. The city's entire Jewish community was trapped inside Clifford's Tower (York Castle) by an angry mob. Many members of the community chose to commit suicide rather than be murdered or forcibly baptised by the attackers. 
• When did Edward I expel Jews from England?

  1290
• What groups of people came to England after William I was crowned?

  Cluniac monks (to start a priory at Bermondsey)

  Lombardy bankers

  French merchants

  Other merchants and craftsmen (particularly after the Black Death)

  Cistercian monks

  Flemish exiles
• What is denization?

  The right, granted by a monarch, to live in England as a citizen