short term

• short term effects on the muscular system

  • increase in temperature as respiration produces heat
  • risks of cramps
  • increase lactate accumulation due to lactic acid production causing muscle fatigue
• short term effects on the cardiovascular system

  • increase stroke volume
  • increase heart rate
  • increase cardiac output which all remain high until the oxygen debt is repaid
• short term effects of the respiratory system

  • increase tidal volume
  • increase breathing frequency
  • increase minute ventilation which remains high until the oxygen debt is repaid
• cardiac hypertrophy is an increase in heart muscle size and strength as a result of regular aerobic training
• pre-anticipatory rise is a rise in heart rate before exercise due to adrenaline
• recovery rate is the time taken for heart rate to return to testing value