c1700-1900

• Why did changes in transport attract migrants 1700-1900?

  New jobs created e.g Irish Navvies

  Faster ships made overseas migration easier

  Roads and railways made migration within the country easier
• Why did changes in industry attract migrants 1700-1900?

  External migration for job opportunities and better work facilities

  Industrial revolution = more jobs

  Internal migration because industries in Scotland and Wales worked slower so people moved to prevent going broke
• Why did changes in law attract migrants 1700-1900?

  1832 Reform Act - vote for men with property of paying high rent

  (James) Somerset Judgement 1772 - Black slaves brought over are no longer owned

  1829 Catholic Emancipation - Catholics allowed to vote

  1800 Act of Union - Ireland and Great Britain
• Why did the French Revolution attract migrants 1700-1900?

  Aliens Act

  After 1789 endangered aristocrats and churchmen fled to England

  Overthrown monarchy and the Terror caused fear so people fled to Britain
• What was the Aliens Act, 1793?


  An immigration law that controlled entry into Britain making immigrants prove why they wanted to come to the country
• What were lascars?

  Overseas sailors
• What was the experience of German migrants?

  Welcomed to Britain because of the monarchy (King George I)
• What was the impact of German migrants?

  Music - Frideric Handel (composer for the monarch - Zadok the Priest)

  The Herschels - sibling scientists discovered Uranus and 8 comets

  Sugar bakers
• What was the experience of African migrants?

  Forced to come work as servants

  1792 new colony in Sierra Leone (Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor)

  Christian Frederick Cole accepted into university

  Black sailors in and out of ports

  Ignatius Sancho - 1st African to vote in a British general election
• What was the impact of African migrants?

  Political - part of the abolition of the slave trade e.g Equiano's biography

  Robert Wedderburn - political campaigner

  Music - Joseph Emidy played a self-composed concerto in 1808
• What was the experience of Indian migrants?

  Dadabhai Naoroji - a Parsi scholar who migrated to join the first Indian-owned trading company in Britain, became professor at University College London

  Cornelia Sorabji - one of the first female graduates of Bombay University, gained permission to study at Somerville College, Oxford. 1st woman to take law exam (1892) but only given degree 1922

  Ayahs - helpful nannies but earned very little

  Some prejudice e.g from Lord Salisbury
• What was the impact of Indian migrants?

  Small numbers so impact was limited to a few people.

  Ayahs made life of British families more comfortable but so many brought over that they were no longer needed and so a home was founded to provide shelter and job opportunities
• What was the experience of Irish migrants?

  Fenians staged an unsuccessful revolt in 1867

  Prejudice: called creatures, 'social and moral plague', said to have reduced their own value in the labour market

  The Murphy Riot in Birmingham, Irish Quarter rampaged and those affected given no compensation

  Fear of Catholicism so disliked

  Seen as a threat to jobs and wages
• What was the impact of Irish migrants?

  Work: took on unskilled jobs, worked in docks, navvies

  Joined the army - 55,000 Irish soldiers in British Army

  Liverpool became the first city to set up council housing because of poor living conditions for the Irish
• Why did African migrants come to Liverpool?

  After TAST they could sail over to Britain and be paid to work and they were willing to do it for even the lowest wages in hard places e.g boiler rooms of the newly developed steamships
• What was the experience of African migrants in Liverpool?

  Able to be sailors

  John Archer: sailor, moved to Battersea, invested into radical local politics, served as Mayor of Battersea, became London's first elected Black politician
• Why did Irish migrants come to Liverpool?

  1. Job opportunities
  2. Closest place in Britain to Ireland (easy migration)
  3. Escape the Great Famine
  4. To migrate to America
• What was the experience of Irish migrants in Liverpool?

  Work: 84% of women in 1881 were maids, the men had low-paid, temporary manual labour (80%), and Trade Unions were hostile to Irish

  Community: pubs opened for Irish that offered advice and support

  Local prejudice: crime blamed on the Irish, in 1850 half of the 6,000 brought before magistrates were Irish
• What were the Fenians?

  Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood - a 19th-century revolutionary nationalist organisation among the Irish in the US and Ireland
• Why did Jewish migrants come to London?

  • religious persecution (mainly in Russia)
  • boat fare was cheaper to Britain than to America
  • many of the 100,000 migrants landed near the established settlements at Whitechapel and Spitalfields
• What was the experience of the Jewish migrants in London?

  Work: took poorly paid jobs e.g tailoring, some women worked in matchstick factories, unsanitary conditions and long hours

  Living conditions: run down and cramped housing, unsanitary, many couldn't afford housing

  Relations with people: disliked as they were poor, uneducated and noticeably different, leached off of British resources (no positive impact)
• What support was available for Jews in London?

  JFS (Jewish Free School) - 1732 took many poor immigrant children to educate and prepare them for assimilation

  JLB (Jewish Lad's Brigade) - 1895 an institution which aimed to instil British values into Jewish boys ~ 5,000 died in WWI fighting for Britain

  Russian Vapour Baths - to prepare for the Sabbath