Milgrim obedience and psychological

• What did Milgram intend to investigate?

  Obedience to authority figures
• What was the demographic of Milgram's participants?

  40 males aged 20-50
• How did Milgram conduct his study?

  Through an experiment with volunteers
• What role did participants play in Milgram's study?

  Participants acted as 'teachers'
• What was the procedure involving the learner in Milgram's study?

  He gave wrong answers and received shocks
• What was the starting voltage of the shocks in Milgram's study?

  15 V
• What happened at 300 V during Milgram's study?

  The learner pounded on the wall
• What did the experimenter use if the teacher hesitated?

  A sequence of 'prods' to continue
• What percentage of participants continued to the highest voltage in Milgram's study?

  65%
• What conclusion can be drawn from Milgram's experiment?

  Ordinary people obey unjust authority
• What sampling method did Milgram use?

  Volunteer sampling
• What is one advantage of Milgram's sampling method?

  Participants were willing to participate
• How could Milgram's study be improved?

  By including a more diverse sample
• What was the maximum voltage in Milgram's original experiment?

  450 V
• What ethical concerns are present in Milgram's research?

  Deception, psychological harm, lack of consent
• What did Hofling et al. (1966) study?

  Obedience in a hospital setting
• What percentage of nurses obeyed in Hofling's study?

  95%
• What does the term 'population validity' refer to?

  Generalizability of findings to the population
• Why is Milgram's study criticized for lacking population validity?

  It used only male participants from the USA
• How does collectivist culture affect obedience?

  Lower levels of obedience due to group care
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Milgram's research?

  Strengths:

  • Insight into obedience
  • High control over variables

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ethical concerns
  • Lacks population validity
• What is the agentic state in obedience?

  A state where individuals see themselves as agents
• What is the Authoritarian Personality?

  A personality type that values obedience to authority
• What is social support in resistance to social influence?

  Having others who resist influence
• What is locus of control?

  Belief about control over events in life
• What is minority influence?

  When a smaller group influences the majority
• What factors contribute to minority influence?

  Consistency, commitment, flexibility
• How do social influence processes contribute to social change?

  • Challenge existing norms
  • Promote new ideas
  • Encourage collective action
• What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

  Obedience is following authority; conformity is peer influence
• What did Zimbardo study?

  Conformity to social roles in a prison
• What is the significance of Milgram's findings?

  They reveal the extent of obedience to authority
• What type of participants did Milgram's study use?

  Only male participants from the USA
• Why is Milgram's sample considered gender biased?

  It only included male participants
• What does the lack of population validity in Milgram's study imply?

  Results cannot be applied to females or other cultures
• How might collectivist cultures differ in obedience compared to individualist cultures?

  They may have lower levels of obedience
• How does the presence of an authority figure affect obedience according to research support?

  It increases the likelihood of obedience
• What was the main finding of Hofling et al's (1966) study?

  95% of nurses obeyed the authority figure
• Why did the nurses obey the order in Hofling et al's study?

  They were asked by a credible doctor
• What does the research by Hofling et al. support regarding Milgram's findings?

  It supports the validity of Milgram's research
• What is a weakness of Milgram's research regarding population validity?

  It used only male participants from the USA