the spread of diseases

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause diseases
• What are the main types of pathogens?

  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protists
• How is measles spread?

  Inhalation of droplets from sneezing
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How are young children protected from measles?

  They are vaccinated
• How is HIV primarily spread?

  Exchange of bodily fluids
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms
• What does HIV attack in the body?

  The body's immune cells
• What can HIV lead to if untreated?

  AIDS
• What are two methods to prevent HIV transmission?

  Barrier methods and using clean needles
• How is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) spread?

  Direct contact with infected material
• What is a symptom of TMV in plants?

  Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
• How does TMV affect a plant's ability?

  Reduces ability to photosynthesize
• What is a method to control TMV in plants?

  Removing infected plants
• How is salmonella primarily spread?

  Bacteria in or on food
• What are the symptoms of salmonella infection?

  Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• How are poultry protected from salmonella?

  Poultry are vaccinated
• How is gonorrhea transmitted?

  Direct sexual contact
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

  Thick yellow or green discharge
• What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

  Treatment with antibiotics
• How is rose black spot spread?

  Water and wind
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How does rose black spot affect plants?

  Reduces ability to photosynthesize
• What are two methods to control rose black spot?

  Fungicides and removing affected leaves
• How is malaria transmitted?

  By mosquitoes feeding on infected blood
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Recurrent fevers
• What can be done to prevent malaria?

  Prevent mosquito vectors from breeding
• What is a method to avoid mosquito bites?

  Using mosquito nets
• What is one method of controlling communicable diseases?

  Hygiene practices
• What are the hygiene practices to control diseases?

  • Hand washing
  • Disinfecting surfaces
  • Keeping raw meat separate
  • Covering mouth when sneezing
• What is the purpose of isolating infected individuals?

  To stop the spread of disease
• How can vectors be controlled?

  Destroying or controlling their population
• What is vaccination?

  • Injecting dead or inactive pathogen
  • Stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies
  • Prepares body for future infections
• What is herd immunity?

  Protection of unvaccinated individuals by vaccination
• How does vaccination help prevent disease spread?

  Reduces likelihood of disease transmission
• What are the benefits of vaccination?

  • Protects individuals from diseases
  • Reduces disease spread in populations
  • Contributes to herd immunity
• HIV

  human immunodeficiency virus