Cards (110)

    • What is the topic of this presentation?
      Parasites of the cardiovascular system
    • What are the learning objectives related to cardiovascular parasites?
      Understand biology, explain disease, discuss control
    • What type of parasites are discussed in the Canines & Feline Nematodes section?

      Nematodes
    • Approximately how long are female adult heartworms?
      ~25 cm
    • Approximately how long are male adult heartworms?
      ~15 cm
    • How long can adult heartworms live in a dog?
      Up to 7.5 years
    • Approximately how long are microfilariae from canine blood?
      ~300 µm
    • How long can dogs be patent for heartworm?
      5 years
    • What is the name of the endosymbiont found in many filarial worms?
      Wolbachia
    • What type of relationship does Wolbachia have with Dirofilaria immitis?
      Mutualistic or symbiotic
    • Which stages of Dirofilaria immitis harbor Wolbachia?
      All stages
    • What aspects of Dirofilaria immitis is Wolbachia required for?
      Fertility, survival & development
    • What role does Wolbachia play in the pathogenesis of D. immitis?
      Unclear
    • Which animal serves as a reservoir for heartworm in the USA?
      Coyotes
    • Which animal serves as a reservoir for heartworm in Europe?
      Red foxes
    • What animals other than foxes and coyotes can be reservoirs of heartworm?
      Otters, wild cats, wolves, jackals
    • What is the minimum prepatent period (PPP) for heartworm?
      ≥6 months
    • What type of intermediate host transmits heartworm?
      Mosquitoes
    • Which mosquito species are most important in Europe for heartworm transmission?
      Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia spp.
    • Which geographical zones is heartworm primarily found?
      Warm & tropical zones
    • In what regions is heartworm commonly found?
      Southern Europe, Americas, India, China, Japan, Australia
    • What trend has been observed in the prevalence of heartworm in endemic countries?
      Increasing
    • What factors does the pathology of heartworm depend on?
      Worm number, duration, host response, activity, size, age, worm state
    • In heartworm pathology, are dead worms or live worms more severe?
      Dead worms
    • Where are adult heartworms typically found in infected animals?
      Pulmonary arteries
    • What is the initial effect of adult heartworms on the pulmonary arteries?
      Trauma & release of antigens
    • What occurs due to the irritation of arteries and stimulation of the immune system in heartworm infection?
      Endothelial damage, tunica intima proliferation, perivascular cuffing
    • What are some long-term sequelae of heartworm infection?
      Pulmonary hypertension, lung inflammation, fibrosis
    • What can result from increased pulmonary vessels permeability due to heartworm infection?
      Periarterial oedema, lung inflammation
    • What is a potential consequence of worm death in the pulmonary arteries in heartworm infection?
      Pulmonary thromboembolism
    • What is the "vena caval syndrome" in severe heartworm cases?
      Worms in right heart & vena cava
    • What problems can worms in the right side of the heart & vena cava cause?
      Tricuspid valve problems & blood flow obstruction
    • What does the flow of red blood cells through worms lead to in vena caval syndrome?
      Haemolysis & haemoglobinaemia
    • What clinical sign is associated with lighter heartworm infections in dogs?
      Asymptomatic
    • What clinical signs are associated with heavier heartworm infections in dogs?
      Loss of condition, exercise intolerance, cough, dyspnoea, ascites
    • What clinical sign is specifically associated with vena caval syndrome?
      Haemoglobinuria
    • What are some potential clinical signs of vena caval syndrome in dogs?
      Jaundice, collapse, may be fatal
    • How common is heartworm in cats compared to dogs?
      Less common (5-20% of canine prevalence)
    • How long do adult heartworms typically survive in cats?
      2-4 years
    • What percentage of infected cats have microfilaria, and how long are they patent?
      20%, patent 1-2 months