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Foundations of Disease 4
Cardiovascular
Parasites
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Created by
Thea Goh
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Cards (110)
What is the topic of this presentation?
Parasites
of the
cardiovascular
system
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What are the learning objectives related to cardiovascular parasites?
Understand
biology
, explain disease, discuss
control
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What type of parasites are discussed in the
Canines
&
Feline
Nematodes
section?
Nematodes
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Approximately how long are female adult heartworms?
~25
cm
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Approximately how long are male adult heartworms?
~15
cm
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How long can adult heartworms live in a dog?
Up to
7.5
years
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Approximately how long are microfilariae from canine blood?
~300
µm
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How long can dogs be patent for heartworm?
5 years
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What is the name of the endosymbiont found in many filarial worms?
Wolbachia
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What type of relationship does Wolbachia have with Dirofilaria immitis?
Mutualistic or symbiotic
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Which stages of Dirofilaria immitis harbor Wolbachia?
All
stages
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What aspects of Dirofilaria immitis is Wolbachia required for?
Fertility
,
survival
& development
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What role does Wolbachia play in the pathogenesis of D. immitis?
Unclear
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Which animal serves as a reservoir for heartworm in the USA?
Coyotes
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Which animal serves as a reservoir for heartworm in Europe?
Red foxes
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What animals other than foxes and coyotes can be reservoirs of heartworm?
Otters
,
wild cats
,
wolves
,
jackals
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What is the minimum prepatent period (PPP) for heartworm?
≥6
months
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What type of intermediate host transmits heartworm?
Mosquitoes
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Which mosquito species are most important in Europe for heartworm transmission?
Culex
,
Aedes
,
Anopheles
,
Coquillettidia
spp.
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Which geographical zones is heartworm primarily found?
Warm
&
tropical
zones
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In what regions is heartworm commonly found?
Southern Europe
,
Americas
,
India
,
China
,
Japan
,
Australia
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What trend has been observed in the prevalence of heartworm in endemic countries?
Increasing
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What factors does the pathology of heartworm depend on?
Worm number,
duration
,
host response
, activity, size, age, worm state
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In heartworm pathology, are dead worms or live worms more severe?
Dead
worms
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Where are adult heartworms typically found in infected animals?
Pulmonary arteries
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What is the initial effect of adult heartworms on the pulmonary arteries?
Trauma & release of
antigens
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What occurs due to the irritation of arteries and stimulation of the immune system in heartworm infection?
Endothelial
damage, tunica intima proliferation,
perivascular
cuffing
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What are some long-term sequelae of heartworm infection?
Pulmonary hypertension
, lung inflammation,
fibrosis
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What can result from increased pulmonary vessels permeability due to heartworm infection?
Periarterial oedema
, lung inflammation
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What is a potential consequence of worm death in the pulmonary arteries in heartworm infection?
Pulmonary thromboembolism
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What is the "vena caval syndrome" in severe heartworm cases?
Worms
in
right heart
&
vena cava
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What problems can worms in the right side of the heart & vena cava cause?
Tricuspid valve
problems & blood flow obstruction
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What does the flow of red blood cells through worms lead to in vena caval syndrome?
Haemolysis
&
haemoglobinaemia
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What clinical sign is associated with lighter heartworm infections in dogs?
Asymptomatic
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What clinical signs are associated with heavier heartworm infections in dogs?
Loss of condition, exercise intolerance, cough, dyspnoea,
ascites
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What clinical sign is specifically associated with vena caval syndrome?
Haemoglobinuria
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What are some potential clinical signs of vena caval syndrome in dogs?
Jaundice
, collapse, may be
fatal
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How common is heartworm in cats compared to dogs?
Less common (
5-20%
of
canine
prevalence
)
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How long do adult heartworms typically survive in cats?
2-4
years
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What percentage of infected cats have microfilaria, and how long are they patent?
20%
, patent 1-2 months
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