north africa

• What was a reason for British expansion in Africa?

  Trade and the economy
• How might trade and the economy link to British expansion?

  Trade increased demand for resources and markets
• What was Gladstone's stance on imperial expansion?

  He was not keen on imperial expansion
• What was Benjamin Disraeli's view on the empire?

  He supported preserving and expanding the empire
• What was the significance of the Suez Canal for Britain?

  It secured trade routes to India
• When was the Suez Canal opened?

  1869
• Why did British investment in Egypt increase during the American Civil War?

  British mills needed alternative cotton sources
• What was the role of the Khedives in Egypt?

  They ruled semi-independently under the Ottoman Empire
• What led to Egyptian bankruptcy in 1876?

  Excessive debt from modernization programs
• What was the Caisse de la Dette?

  An international group controlling Egypt's finances
• What was the impact of the Denshawai incident in 1906?

  It fueled nationalist and anti-British feelings
• What was the outcome of the Fashoda incident in 1898?

  Tense standoff between Britain and France
• What was the significance of the Aswan Dam built in 1902?

  It enabled irrigation of desert land
• When did Egypt become a formal British protectorate?

  1914
• What was Gladstone's concern regarding territorial expansion in Egypt?

  It could lead to a larger North African Empire
• What were the notable incidents in Egypt from 1880-1914?

  • 1882: Arabi Pasha's nationalist uprising
  • 1883: Sir Evelyn Baring revitalizes economy
  • 1893: Secret Nationalist Party formed
  • 1898: Fashoda incident with France
  • 1902: Aswan Dam built
  • 1906: Denshawai incident
  • 1907: Eldon Gorst increases Egyptian administration
  • 1914: Egypt declared a formal British protectorate
• What were the challenges of administering Egypt compared to India?

  Egypt had strong nationalist sentiments and complex governance
• What was the role of the Mixed Courts in Egypt?

  To try cases involving Egyptians and Europeans
• What was the Capitulations in Egypt?

  Rights for foreigners to be tried by their own courts
• How did British public opinion view Disraeli's purchase of the Suez Canal shares?

  It was seen as a political transaction to strengthen the Empire
• What were the key reasons for Britain's increased control over Egypt?

  Strategic interests, economic investments, and political stability
• What factors contributed to British expansion in Egypt?

  • Trade and economy
  • Strategic factors
  • Personal influence
  • Moral factors
  • International rivalry
  • Adventure and exploration
• Who is Charles Gordon?

  Governor-General of Sudan from 1877-1880
• How did Charles Gordon's manner compare to other foreigners?

  He was superior in manner and bearing
• What qualities did the speaker admire in Gordon?

  His military qualities and superb scholarship
• What were some of Gordon's personal faults mentioned?

  His pride, temper, and demand for money
• What was the consequence of Gordon's repressed sexual instincts?

  It drove him into eccentric activities
• What was the issue with Gordon's orders?

  They were badly carried out or altered
• Who was the Governor of Jiangsu province?

  Li Hongzhang
• What did the Sudanese dislike about Egyptian control?

  Corruption and increasing British influence
• What transformed the political opposition in Sudan in 1881?

  A self-proclaimed Mahdi turning it into jihad
• Who was the Mahdi?

  Muhammad Ahmad, a Sudanese Islamic cleric
• Why did the Mahdi attack?

  To oppose Egyptian and British control
• Why did Britain initially hesitate to attack the Mahdi?

  Due to the Mahdi's popular support
• What was Gordon ordered to do in Sudan?

  Oversee the evacuation of troops
• What was Gordon's belief about the Mahdi's rebellion?

  It had to be defeated to prevent control
• What did Gordon do contrary to his orders?

  He stayed in Khartoum requesting more troops
• When was Gordon cut off and besieged?

  March 1884
• What was the public reaction to Gordon's situation?

  Public opinion demanded immediate help
• When was the relief force sent to Khartoum?

  October 1884