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Psychology
Paper 3
Relationships
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Cards (82)
What drives human reproductive behavior according to the evolutionary explanation?
The need to survive and
reproduce
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What is sexual selection?
Competition for
mates
based on traits
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Who typically chooses mates in intersexual selection?
Females
choose mates based on traits
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Why are females more selective in mate choice?
Females invest more in
offspring
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What is intrasexual selection?
Competition among the same sex for
mates
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What do males compete for in intrasexual selection?
Access to attract members of the
opposite sex
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What are enhanced secondary sexual characteristics?
Physical traits
selected
for by both genders
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What qualities do females look for in potential mates?
Resources, money, and
physical
characteristics
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What do males look for in potential mates?
Fertility
indicators for healthy offspring
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What did Dunbar and Wayf (1995) find about male preferences?
42%
of males sought youth in mates
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What did Clark and Hatfield (1989) discover about sexual propositions?
0% of females agreed to sex,
75
% of males did
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What did Cunningham (1986) find attractive in men?
Images
of
youthful
faces
and
large
eyes
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What hip-to-waist ratio is preferred cross-culturally?
0.7
hip-to-waist ratio
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What is a criticism of the evolutionary approach to partner preferences?
It legitimizes a
gender double standard
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What is self-disclosure in romantic relationships?
Sharing
personal
information to build trust
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What does social penetration theory suggest?
Relationships develop from
shallow
to intimate topics
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What is reciprocity in self-disclosure?
Mutual
sharing of information between partners
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How does appropriateness affect self-disclosure?
Inappropriate disclosure can lower
attraction
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What did Sper and Hendrik find about self-disclosure?
Positive
correlation
with relationship quality
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What is a limitation of self-disclosure research?
Much of it is
correlational
, not
causal
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What is the halo effect in physical attractiveness?
Attractive people are assumed
successful
in life
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What does the matching hypothesis suggest?
People seek partners of similar
attractiveness
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What did Merin (1972) find about couple attractiveness?
Couples were
similar
in
attractiveness
levels
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How does online dating relate to the matching hypothesis?
It relies heavily on
visual cues
for selection
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What is filter theory in romantic relationships?
Attraction passes through a
series
of filters
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What is the first filter in filter theory?
Social demography
influences
initial
attraction
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What is the second filter in filter theory?
Similarity
in attitudes enhances attraction
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What is the third filter in filter theory?
Complementarity
provides emotional needs
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What did Kirkoff and Davies (1962) find about short-term relationships?
Similarity
of
attitudes
was most important
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How do beliefs converge in long-term relationships?
Partners communicate and share
values
over time
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What is social exchange theory?
Relationships are like a
cost-benefit analysis
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What is the minmax principle in social exchange theory?
Maximizing
rewards
while
minimizing
losses
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What are some rewards in a relationship?
Self-esteem
,
friendship
, and
financial security
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What is comparison level in social exchange theory?
Evaluating relationships against
past experiences
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What is comparison of alternatives in social exchange theory?
Considering other
potential
partners for better rewards
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What is equity in social exchange theory?
Balance of
rewards
and
costs
for both partners
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What is investment theory in social exchange theory?
Considering
resources
invested
in the
relationship
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What are intrinsic investments in a relationship?
Resources
placed directly into the relationship
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What are extrinsic investments in a relationship?
Resources
originally outside now connected to the relationship
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What did Rosor (1983) find about cost-benefit analysis in relationships?
It
applied
less
at
the
start
of
a
relationship
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