Psychological problems

• Which gender experiences more mental health problems?

  Women
• How does income level relate to mental health problems?

  Lower income households have more problems
• What increases loneliness and depression?

  Greater social isolation
• How is hearing voices perceived in some cultures?

  As a positive experience
• What are culture-bound syndromes?

  Disorders occurring in specific cultures
• What makes characteristics of mental health hard to measure?

  They are subjective and arbitrary
• What is the focus of increased recognition of mental health problems?

  Symptoms focused on illness
• What does labeling people create?

  Expectations and stigma
• How do mental health problems affect relationships?

  They damage two-way communication
• What difficulties do individuals with mental health problems face in daily life?

  Problems with self-care activities
• How do mental health problems impact physical well-being?

  They increase cortisol, harming immunity
• What is clinical depression?

  The medical term for depression
• How does sadness differ from depression?

  Sadness is temporary; depression is enduring
• What is unipolar depression?

  One emotional state of depression
• What characterizes bipolar depression?

  Alternates between depression and mania
• What is used to diagnose depression?

  ICD
• What does ICD-10 list?

  Symptoms of depression
• How is mild unipolar depression diagnosed?

  2-3 key symptoms plus 2 others
• How long must symptoms be present for a diagnosis?

  2 weeks or more
• What are the key symptoms of depression?

  Low mood, loss of interest, reduced energy
• What are other symptoms of depression?

  Changes in sleep, appetite, self-confidence
• What is the difference between substance misuse and abuse?

  Misuse does not follow rules; abuse seeks 'buzz'
• What is the aim of Kaji's twin study of alcohol abuse?

  To see if addiction is due to nature or nurture
• What percentage of identical twins were both alcoholic in Kaji's study?

  61%
• What percentage of non-identical twins were both alcoholic in Kaji's study?

  20%
• What does the ICD-10 state about addiction diagnosis?

  Requires three or more characteristics present
• What are the clinical characteristics from ICD-10 for addiction?

  Strong desire, persisting despite harm, difficulty controlling use
• What is the conclusion regarding alcohol abuse?

  Related to genetic vulnerability
• What is the role of peers in addiction?

  Provide direct instruction and opportunities
• What is the evaluation of Kaji's study?

  Not 100% genetic or environmental
• What is the role of social norms in addiction?

  They create pressure to conform
• What is the significance of the Wiles study?

  Interventions for treatment of depression
• What are the two main therapies for depression?

  Antidepressant medication and CBT
• What do SSRIs do?

  Increase serotonin levels in synaptic cleft
• What is the aim of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)?

  Change faulty thinking to rational thinking
• What is behavioral activation in therapy?

  Planning pleasant activities to create positive emotions
• What are the side effects of antidepressant medication?

  Nausea, insomnia, dizziness, anxiety
• What is a criticism of antidepressant medication?

  It is reductionist, targeting only neurotransmitters
• What does a holistic approach in therapy focus on?

  Treating psychological symptoms and the whole person
• What are the characteristics of mental health according to Jahoda?

  • Accurate perception of reality
  • Autonomy
  • Independence
  • Ability to form relationships
  • Ability to cope with stress
  • Self-actualization