Arenes

• conc nitric and conc sulphuric acid react with benzene to form nitrobenzene. A temperature of up to 50 degrees is used to prevent multi-substitutions at higher temps.

  $HNO_3\ +$$2\ H_2SO_4\ \rightarrow\ NO_2^+$$\ +$$\ 2\ HSO_4^-\ +$$H_3O\ ^+$$\$

  $C_6H_{6\ }+$$\ NO_2^+$$\ \rightarrow\ C_6H_5NO_2\ +$$H^+$
• when tin and conc HCl are added, followed by NaOH (aq), nitrobenzene reacts to form phenyl amine:

  $C_6H_5NO_2\ +$$6\ \left[H\right]\ \rightarrow\ C_6H_5NH_2\ +$$\ 2\ H2O$
• when an acyl chloride and anhydrous $AlCl_3$ are added to benzene, a phenyl carbonyl is formed:

  $AlCl_3+$$CH_3COCl\ \rightarrow\ CH_3CO^+$$\ +$$AlCl_4^-$

  $C_6H_6+$$\ CH_3CO^+$$\ \rightarrow\ C_6H_5COCH_3\ +$$\ H^+$
• when a chloroalkane and an anhydrous $AlCl_{3\ }$catalyst are added, benzene reacts to form an alkylbenzene:

  $AlCl_3\ +$$\ CH_3CH_2Cl\ \rightarrow\ CH_3CH_2^+$$\ +$$\ AlCl_4^-$

  $C_6H_6\ +$$CH_3CH_2^+$$\rightarrow\ C_6H_5CH_2CH_3\ +$$\ H^+$
• when bromine and an anhydrous $AlBr_{3\ }or\ FeBr_3$ catalyst are added, benzene reacts to form bromobenzene:

  $AlBr_3+$$Br_2\ \rightarrow\ Br^+$$+$$AlBr_4^-$

  $C_6H_6\ +$$\ Br^+$$\ \rightarrow\ C_6H_5Br\ +$$\ H^+$