Forensic cognitive

• What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning?

  1. Pre-conventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Post-conventional
• What characterizes the pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

  Focus on personal consequences
• What are the two stages of the pre-conventional level?

  Punishment orientation and reward orientation
• What is the first stage of pre-conventional moral reasoning?

  Punishment orientation
• How do criminals typically reason at the pre-conventional level?

  They overestimate rewards and underestimate risks
• What is the focus of the conventional level of moral reasoning?

  Personal relationships and societal norms
• What is the fourth stage of the conventional level?

  Social obedience
• What characterizes the post-conventional level of moral reasoning?

  Personal ethical principles guide decisions
• What is the fifth stage of post-conventional reasoning?

  Social contract view
• What is the sixth stage of post-conventional reasoning?

  Universal ethics
• How does Kohlberg's theory relate to criminal behavior?

  Most criminals are at the pre-conventional level
• What is hostile attribution bias?

  Assuming negative intentions from others
• What is minimization in the context of cognitive distortions?

  Seeing behavior as less serious than it is
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg's theory?

  Strengths:

  • Provides a framework for moral development
  • Highlights the role of reasoning in morality

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Based on hypothetical dilemmas
  • Gender bias in sample
  • Social desirability affects responses
• Who conducted research supporting Kohlberg's ideas?

  Holland and Palmer
• What did Holland and Palmer find regarding delinquents?

  They had lower moral reasoning
• What is a limitation of Kohlberg's research?

  Responses may not reflect true behavior
• What did Gilligan argue about Kohlberg's theory?

  It focuses too much on male ideals
• How can cognitive distortions be addressed in criminal behavior?

  • Develop cognitive behavioral programs
  • Challenge irrational thinking
  • Implement anger management programs
• What is the purpose of the video mentioned at the end?

  To provide forensic tutorial videos
• What is the focus of differential association theory?

  How behavior is learned through interactions