6.4.9

• How does the "Covalent Bonding" method differ from the "Adsorption" method in terms of the strength of the enzyme-support interaction?

  Covalent bonding forms stronger, more stable interactions than the physical adsorption in the adsorption method
• What is an immobilized enzyme?

  An enzyme held in place and restricted
• Why are immobilized enzymes considered economical?

  They can be reused, reducing replacement costs
• What are the main methods of enzyme/cell immobilization shown in the image?

  • Adsorption
  • Covalent Bonding
  • Encapsulation
  • Entrapment
• What is the purpose of enzyme/cell immobilization?

  To improve the stability and reusability of enzymes or cells
• Why is enzyme immobilization important in biotechnology?

  It allows repeated use of enzymes without contamination.
• What is a disadvantage of immobilized enzymes compared to free enzymes?

  Reduced activity
• What is the central concept illustrated in this image?

  Enzyme/Cell Immobilization
• What are the key features of a Membrane Reactor?

  • Reactants and products are separated by a membrane
  • Allows selective permeation of certain species
  • Can shift equilibrium reactions towards products
  • Useful for reactions involving hydrogen production
• What are the main methods of enzyme/cell immobilization shown in the image?

  • Adsorption
  • Covalent Bonding
  • Encapsulation
  • Entrapment
• What visual representation is provided in the study material?

  An image showing different reactor types
• What do the blue dots in the image represent?

  Enzymes contained in different reactors
• What does increased stability of immobilized enzymes protect them from?

  Extreme conditions
• How do continuous flow reactors benefit immobilized enzymes?

  They enable continuous operation without interruptions
• What is a key advantage of immobilized enzymes over free enzymes?

  Continuous operation without batch processes
• What do packed-bed or fluidized-bed reactors enable for immobilized enzymes?

  They allow continuous use and product isolation
• Which immobilization method would be most suitable for immobilizing whole living cells rather than just enzymes?

  Entrapment
• What is the central concept illustrated in this image?

  Enzyme/Cell Immobilization
• How does the "Covalent Bonding" method differ from the "Adsorption" method in terms of the strength of the enzyme-support interaction?

  Covalent bonding forms stronger, more stable interactions than the physical adsorption in the adsorption method
• How does the adsorption method of enzyme/cell immobilization work?

  • Enzymes or cells are physically adsorbed onto a support material
  • The support material has a high surface area to volume ratio
  • Interactions like van der Waals forces hold the enzymes/cells in place
• What is the purpose of enzyme/cell immobilization?

  To improve the stability and reusability of enzymes or cells
• How does an immobilized enzyme remain active?

  Its active site is exposed to substrates
• How is polyacrylamide created?

  By crosslinking acrylamide monomers
• What are immobilized enzymes used for in industries?

  They enhance efficiency and product quality
• What is the purpose of adding the enzyme to the silica nanoparticle?

  To immobilize the enzyme on the silica nanoparticle
• Which enzyme is used for starch stains in washing powders?

  Amylases
• What does aminoacylase do?

  It removes the acyl group from N-acyl-amino acids
• What is the application of penicillin acylase?

  Creates semi-synthetic penicillins
• What does penicillin acylase do?

  It forms antibiotics like amoxicillin
• Which immobilization method would be most suitable for immobilizing whole living cells rather than just enzymes?

  Entrapment
• What type of synthesis produces polyacrylamide?

  Immobilized enzyme-catalyzed synthesis
• What role does polyacrylamide play in water treatment?

  It filters contaminants
• What are the key differences between immobilized enzymes and free enzymes?

  • Activity: Immobilized can be reduced; free has full activity.
  • Cost: Immobilized has higher setup costs; free is lower cost.
  • Separation: Immobilized is easy; free is difficult.
  • Stability: Immobilized often increased; free has variable stability.
  • Use: Immobilized in continuous reactors; free in batch processes.
• What is polyacrylamide derived from?

  Immobilized enzyme processes
• What is the role of the "semi-permeable membrane" in the encapsulation method?

  It allows substrates and products to pass through while retaining the immobilized enzymes or cells
• What is the function of polyacrylamide in electrophoresis?

  It creates a gel matrix
• What is the role of the semi-permeable membrane in membrane separation?

  Allows substrates to reach the enzymes
• What are the benefits of enzyme immobilization methods?

  • Reusability of enzymes
  • Protection from degradation
• How does the addition of Persulfate and TEMED help form the crosslinked polyacrylamide matrix?

  • Persulfate generates free radicals to initiate the polymerization of acrylamide
  • TEMED catalyzes the reaction by accelerating the formation of free radicals
  • Together they facilitate the crosslinking of acrylamide into a porous gel matrix
• What are the benefits of using glucose isomerase?

  Makes HFCS sweeter and cheaper