Lesson 31 conditions

• What does the hypothalamus regulate?

  Hunger, thirst, sleep, and wakefulness
• How does the thyroid gland affect the body?

  It regulates energy and metabolism
• What is the primary function of the pancreas?

  Aids in digestion and produces insulin
• What role do ovaries play in the endocrine system?

  Influences blood circulation and sex drive
• What does the pituitary gland control?

  All other endocrine glands
• What hormones do the parathyroid glands secrete?

  Hormones necessary for calcium absorption
• What is the function of the thymus?

  Helps build resistance to disease
• What do adrenal glands secrete?

  Cortisone and adrenaline
• What is metabolism?

  Conversion of nutrients into energy
• What are the mechanisms of homeostasis related to glands and hormones?

  • Blood glucose level control
  • Osmoregulation (renal system)
  • Thermoregulation (integumentary system)
• What hormones does the pancreas secrete as an endocrine gland?

  Insulin and glucagon
• What do alpha cells in the pancreas secrete?

  Glucagon in response to low blood glucose
• What is the function of beta cells in the pancreas?

  Make insulin to control blood sugar
• What do delta cells in the pancreas secrete?

  Somatostatin to stop hormone secretion
• What is Type 1 Diabetes?

  An autoimmune disease requiring insulin
• What is a common cause of Type 2 Diabetes?

  Obesity or excessive alcohol consumption
• What is the risk of a child developing Type 1 Diabetes if a parent has it?

  1 in 17 chance
• What factors can increase the risk of Type 1 Diabetes?

  Genetics and exposure to viruses
• What is the relationship between Type 1 Diabetes and specific genes?

  Linked to genes HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4
• What are common symptoms of diabetes?

  Frequent urination and unexplained weight loss
• What are the common comorbidities associated with Type 2 Diabetes?

  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Excess abdominal weight
• What is diabetic retinopathy?

  Condition where blood vessels leak in the eye
• What happens to blood vessels in diabetic nephropathy?

  They get damaged over time due to high glucose
• What is gestational diabetes?

  Diabetes that develops during pregnancy
• How does ethnicity affect diabetes risk?

  South Asian women have higher Type 2 risk
• What is the link between diabetes and heart disease?

  Diabetics are more likely to suffer heart disease
• What are the impacts of diabetes on the body?

  • Eye damage (retinopathy)
  • Kidney damage (nephropathy)
  • Increased cholesterol levels
  • Higher risk of heart disease
• How does gestational diabetes affect pregnancies?

  Most women have normal pregnancies and healthy babies
• What is a potential problem caused by gestational diabetes?

  Your baby may grow larger than usual
• What is a risk associated with larger babies due to gestational diabetes?

  Increased likelihood of induced labor or caesarean section
• Which ethnic group is nearly twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes compared to white women?

  South Asian women
• How much more likely are Black women to develop gestational diabetes compared to white women?

  1.5 times more likely
• What is the relationship between diabetes and heart disease?

  Diabetics are at least 50% more likely to suffer from heart disease
• What common risk factors do diabetes and heart disease share?

  Smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, high-fat diets, alcohol overconsumption
• How can managing blood sugar levels affect heart health?

  It lowers the risk of heart damage
• What is diabetic neuropathy?

  Nerve damage caused by diabetes
• Why is the risk of wounds and injuries raised in diabetics?

  Due to a lack of sensitivity caused by nerve damage
• Where are wounds and injuries more often found in diabetics?

  Lower extremities, legs, and toes
• What can happen if cuts and sores go unnoticed in diabetics?

  They can become breeding grounds for harmful bacteria
• What are the three reasons for slow healing in diabetics?

  Insufficient nutrients, compromised immune system, increased inflammation