Non-communicable diseases

• Non-communicable


  Can't spread between people or between animals and people

  Diet, drinking alcohol and smoking can increase the risk of getting these diseases. Last for a long time and get worse slowly

  Eg. Asthma, cancer, coronary heart disease

  Non-infectious diseases
• Communicable diseases


  Can spread from person to person or between people and animals. Sometimes called infectious or contagious

  Caused by microorganism called pathogens (bacteria and viruses) normally spread fast and make people sick quickly

  EG. Measles, malaria and influenza
• Which diseases can interact to create unexpected consequences?

  • viruses that effect cells can cause cancer e.g infection with HPV can cause cervical cancer
  • immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
  • several physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness
• Carcinogens


  Cancer causing substances
• Tumour


  A mass of cells grown abnormally (uncontrollable growth)
• Benign tumour


  Growth of abnormal cells contained in one area within a membrane, don't invade other tissues
• Malignant tumour


  Tumours that invade other tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through blood to form secondary tumours
• Risk factor of developing cancer

  Smoking, obesity, common viruses, UV exposure , genetic factors
• Two ways to treat cancer

  Radiotherapy and chemotherapy
• What is used in chemotherapy?

  Chemicals to kill cancer cells, but also healthy cells in the process
• What is used in radiotherapy?

  Targeted doses of radiation
• Effect of nicotine in tobacco smoke

  Addictiveness
• What is the carcinogen in tobacco smoke

  Tar
• How can tobacco smoke cause lung infection

  Stops cilia from working, excess mucus (trapping bacteria in lungs)
• Describe how tobacco smoke causes cardiovascular diseases

  Increases heart rate, damage artery lining, increase risk of clots formation, increase blood pressure
• Effect of smoking on foetuses

  Premature birth

  Low birthweight

  Stillbirth
• A risk factor of obesity

  Poor/unbalanced diet

  Lack of exercise

  High cholesterol diet
• Risk factor for type 2 diabetes

  Obesity

  Unbalance diet (high sugar diet)

  Lack of exercise
• Which organ breaks down alcohol before it causes permanent damage?

  Liver
• One disease caused by long-term heavy drinking

  Liver cancer

  Brain damage
• Risk of drinking alcohol during pregnancy

  Miscarriage

  Stillbirths

  Premature births

  Low birthweight
• How does ionising radiation cause mutations?

  Penetrates cells and damage chromosomes
• A source of ionising radiation

  UV light from the sun

  Radioactive materials in soil

  Water

  Air

  Medical and dental x rays
• What is the difference between correlation and casual mechanism?

  Correlation can exist at the same time whereas causation applies where action A causes outcome