Cards (25)

  • What are antibodies also known as?
    Immunoglobulins
  • What is the quaternary structure of antibodies represented as?
    Y-shaped
  • How many polypeptide chains do antibodies have?
    Four polypeptide chains
  • What bonds connect the heavy and light chains in antibodies?
    Disulfide bonds
  • What are the two types of polypeptide chains in antibodies?
    Heavy and light chains
  • What are the two regions present in each polypeptide chain of antibodies?
    Constant region and variable region
  • How do constant regions vary among antibodies?
    They vary between classes of antibodies
  • What determines the mechanism used to destroy antigens?
    The constant region of antibodies
  • How many classes of mammalian antibodies are there?
    Five classes
  • What is unique about the amino acid sequence in the variable regions of antibodies?
    It differs for each antibody
  • Where does the antibody attach to the antigen?
    At the variable region
  • What is the antigen-binding site composed of?
    110 to 130 amino acids
  • What gives antibodies their specificity for binding to antigens?
    The variability of antigen-binding sites
  • What is an epitope?
    The part of the antigen that binds to the antibody
  • Why might a pathogen present multiple antigens?
    To require different antibodies for response
  • What does the hinge region of an antibody provide?
    Flexibility to the antibody molecule
  • Who produces antibodies?
    B-lymphocytes
  • What triggers the specific immune response?
    Binding of antibodies to specific antigens
  • What types of substances can be antigens?
    Pathogens, toxins, and blood cell molecules
  • How do antibodies destroy pathogens?
    Directly or by recruiting other immune cells
  • What are the three functions of antibodies?
    Anti-toxins, opsonins, and agglutinins
  • How do antibodies act as anti-toxins?
    By binding to and neutralizing toxins. This blocks them from entering cells
  • What is opsonization?
    Making pathogens identifiable to phagocytes
  • What does agglutination refer to in the context of antibodies?
    Clumping together of pathogens with complexes
  • An antibody is complementary to one antigen