1795-1799: napoleon's rise to power

• Who were the Thermidorians?

  A mixed group including CPS and CGS members
• What did the Plain represent in the Thermidorian reaction?

  Republicans who gained from the revolution
• What was the situation at the end of July 1794?

  Robespierre was dead, but Terror remained
• When was the Revolutionary Tribunal abolished?

  31 May 1795
• What happened to the Law of Prairial?

  It was repealed after the Great Terror
• When was the Jacobin Club closed?

  November 1794
• What changes occurred in local government after the Terror?

  Moderates gained power in local government
• What was established regarding religion in February 1795?

  Freedom for all religions was established
• What economic issue did France face after the Terror?

  Inflation caused assignats to fall to 21%
• What contributed to the uprisings in 1795?

  Inflation and poor harvests led to famine
• What was the White Terror?

  A reaction against those who profited from Terror
• Who did the White Terror target?

  Constitutional clergy and government officials
• What happened during the 13 Vendemiaire?

  A royalist uprising was put down by Napoleon
• Who were the Muscadins?

  Royalist youth involved in intimidation
• What actions did the Jeunesse Dorée take?

  They intimidated Jacobins and sans-culottes
• Who could vote in the primary assemblies?

  All men over 21 who paid taxes
• What was the tax requirement to vote in primary assemblies?

  Equivalent of 150-200 days of labor
• What were the key events following the end of the Terror?

  • Robespierre's death
  • Abolishment of the Revolutionary Tribunal
  • Repeal of the Law of Prairial
  • Closure of the Jacobin Club
  • Establishment of moderate local government
  • Freedom for all religions
  • Economic issues: inflation and poor harvests
  • Rise of the White Terror
• How many electors were there in 1790-2?

  50,000 electors
• What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Thermidorians' actions?

  Strengths:

  • Ended the Great Terror
  • Established moderate governance
  • Promoted religious freedom

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Faced severe inflation
  • Poor harvests led to famine
  • Rise of violent reactions (White Terror)
• What was the purpose of the new constitution regarding separation of powers?

  To separate executive and legislature powers
• What were the two chambers of the legislature called?

  Council of Five Hundred and Council of Ancients
• Who could initiate legislation in the Council of Five Hundred?

  Men over 30
• How many members were in the Council of Ancients?

  250 men
• What could the Council of Ancients do regarding bills?

  Approve or object but not amend them
• How often were elections held for the Councils?

  Yearly to replace 1/3 at a time
• Who chose the Directory of Five?

  Chosen by the Ancients
• What was the term length for members of the Directory?

  5 years
• What was one limitation of the Directory regarding laws?

  Could not initiate or veto laws
• What were the Directory's responsibilities?

  Diplomacy and army management
• What was the purpose of the Decree of Two Thirds?

  To ensure 2/3 of deputies came from Convention
• What was the outcome of the plebiscite on the new constitution?

  1,057,390 to 49,978 approved
• Who did the constitutional monarchists want to place on the throne?

  Louis XVI’s son
• What did the Verona Declaration promise?

  Return to the ancient constitution
• What was the main demographic of the rebels during the Rising of Vendemiaire?

  Artisans and apprentices
• What were the bread rations in Paris by May 10, 1795?

  Fell to 60g a day
• What was the aim of the Constitution of the Year III (1795)?

  Guarantee main features of the 1789 Revolution
• What were the main rights outlined in the Constitution of 1793?

  • Equality
  • Liberty
  • Safety
  • Ownership of property
• What were the strengths and weaknesses of the new system established by the Thermidorians?

  Strengths:

  • Separation of powers
  • Legislative structure

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Limited executive power
  • Potential for instability
• What challenges did the Thermidorians face during their rule?

  • Rising inflation
  • Food shortages
  • Threats from monarchists