Timeline of Key Events

• What were the main aims of Henry VIII's foreign policy from 1509 to 1547?

  Control territory, French pension, marriage alliances
• Why did Henry VIII want to be a warrior king?

  He admired Henry V and sought fame
• What was the Treaty of Etaples established under Henry VII?

  It granted England £5,000 annually from France
• What was Henry's intention in renewing the Treaty of Etaples in 1510?

  To align with France for mutual support
• How did Henry VIII signal his intentions for aggressive foreign policy?

  By commissioning a translation of Henry V's life
• Who did Henry VIII send to Rome to persuade the Pope for an alliance against France?

  Archbishop of York, Christopher Bainbridge
• What was the Holy League?

  An anti-French alliance including England and Spain
• What was the outcome of Henry's 1512 military campaign in France?

  It was a diversion for Ferdinand's conquest of Navarre
• What significant event occurred at the Battle of Spurs in 1513?

  Henry captured Thérouanne and Tournai
• How did Geoffrey Elton describe the success of the Battle of Spurs?

  As a 'little sideshow'
• What was the significance of the Battle of Flodden in 1513?

  King James IV was killed, leaving Scotland vulnerable
• What were the financial consequences of Henry's military adventures in 1513?

  They were costly, leading to asset liquidation
• How did the wars of 1513 affect taxation in Yorkshire?

  They caused widespread resentment and near revolt
• What happened to Tournai after Henry captured it?

  It was sold back to France for less
• What was the overall assessment of Henry's foreign policy from 1509 to 1514?

  It was largely unsuccessful and damaging
• What was the political situation after the death of Louis XII in 1515?

  Francis I became king, causing resentment for Henry
• What was the Treaty of Cambrai in 1516?

  A treaty between Spain and France isolating England
• How did Francis I undermine Anglo-Scottish relations?

  By using the Duke of Albany as a regent
• What was the purpose of the Treaty of London in 1518?

  To end England's political isolation
• Who promoted the Treaty of London?

  Pope Leo X
• What was the outcome of the Treaty of London?

  It created a non-aggression pact among nations
• How did Wolsey's role change after the Treaty of London?

  He became the leading diplomat in Western Europe
• What was the significance of the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520?

  It was an extravagant diplomatic encounter
• What was the outcome of the Treaty of Bruges in 1521?

  It led to Henry's alliance with Charles V
• What was the cost of the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

  It cost around £15,000
• What were the consequences of the English invasions of northern France in 1522 and 1523?

  They were unsuccessful and costly
• How did the Field of the Cloth of Gold affect England's relations with France?

  It increased political tensions between them
• What was Henry's reaction to the Battle of Pavia in 1525?

  He suggested a joint invasion of France
• What was the result of Charles V's refusal of Henry's marriage proposal for Princess Mary?

  It bruised Henry's ego and fractured alliances
• What was the League of Cognac?

  A coalition against Charles V's power in Italy
• How did the emergence of the 'King's Great Matter' complicate Henry's foreign policy?

  It shifted focus away from foreign alliances
• What was the outcome of the Treaty of Amiens in 1527?

  It formalized an anti-Imperial alliance with France
• What action did Wolsey take against the Burgundian Netherlands?

  He imposed a trade embargo on them
• What was the consequence of Charles V's retaliation against Wolsey's embargo?

  It caused economic hardship in England
• What was the significance of the Battle of Landriano in 1529?

  It solidified Charles V's dominance over France
• What was the Peace of Cambrai in 1529?

  It was a peace agreement between Francis I and Charles V
• What was the impact of Charles V's influence over the Pope on Henry VIII?


  It ruined Henry's hopes for an annulment
• What was the outcome of Wolsey's fall from power in 1529?

  It was due to his failure to resolve the 'Great Matter'
• What characterized Henry's alliance with Francis I in 1532?

  It was weak and ineffective against Charles V
• What does the Field of the Cloth and Gold in 1520 symbolize for England?

  It symbolizes England's power and grandeur.