MicroPara 2

• What type of cells do bacteria belong to?

  Prokaryotes
• What are the eukaryotic groups mentioned?

  Fungi, molds, yeast, algae
• What are the four types of protozoans listed?

  Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Sporozoa, Ciliata
• What are metozoans also known as?

  Helminths
• What are the two groups of metozoans?

  Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes
• What is the central part of a prokaryotic cell where DNA is found?

  Nucleoid
• What is the main component of bacterial cell walls?

  Peptidoglycan
• What is the function of the bacterial capsule?

  Enables attachment to surfaces
• What are the three locomotory structures in bacteria?

  Flagella, pili, fimbriae
• What is the role of flagella in bacteria?

  Locomotion
• What is the purpose of pili in bacteria?

  Exchange genetic material during conjugation
• What are the four main groups of archaea?

  Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles
• What do methanogens produce as a waste product?

  Methane
• What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic organisms?

  Aerobic need oxygen; anaerobic do not
• What are the characteristics of obligate aerobes?

  Require oxygen for growth and survival
• What is the main difference between obligate anaerobes and obligate aerobes?

  Obligate anaerobes cannot survive oxygen
• What is the average diameter of spherical bacteria?

  0.5-2.0 µm
• What are the two types of nutritional bacteria?

  Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• What is saprophytic nutrition?

  Obtaining nutrients from dead organic matter
• What do fastidious organisms require?

  Special nutritional requirements
• What is the function of endospores in bacteria?

  Help endure unfavorable conditions
• Who developed the Gram staining method?

  Hans Christian Gram
• What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain?

  Purple or blue
• What is the principle behind Gram-negative staining?

  Thin peptidoglycan layer loses crystal violet
• What is the primary stain used in acid-fast staining?

  Carbolfuchsin
• What are the steps of the Gram staining procedure?

  1. Prepare bacterial smear
  2. Flood with crystal violet
  3. Rinse with water
  4. Flood with Gram's iodine
  5. Wash with water
  6. Flood with decolorizer
  7. Flood with safranin
  8. Rinse and air dry
• What are the differences between obligate aerobes and facultative aerobes?

  • Obligate aerobes need oxygen to survive.
  • Facultative aerobes can grow with or without oxygen.
• What are the characteristics of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

  • Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer, stains purple.
  • Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer, stains red/pink.
• What are the types of flagella based on their arrangement?

  • Atrichous: No flagella
  • Monotrichous: One flagellum at one end
  • Amphitrichous: Flagella at both ends
  • Lophotrichous: Tuft of flagella at one end
  • Peritrichous: Flagella all over the bacterium
• What are the types of bacteria based on their oxygen requirements?

  • Obligate aerobes: Require oxygen
  • Obligate anaerobes: Do not require oxygen
  • Facultative aerobes: Can use oxygen or not
  • Microaerophiles: Need small amounts of oxygen
  • Aerotolerant aerobes: Not affected by oxygen
• What are the nutritional types of bacteria?

  • Autotrophic: Synthesize own food
  • Heterotrophic: Depend on other organisms
  • Saprophytic: From dead matter
  • Parasitic: From a host
  • Holozoic: Complex matter
  • Symbiotic: Share with host
• What are the main groups of protozoans and their locomotory structures?

  • Sarcodina: Pseudopodia
  • Mastigophora: Flagella
  • Sporozoa: No locomotion
  • Ciliata: Cilia
• What is the role of enzymes in bacterial metabolism?

  • Endoenzymes: Work within the cell
  • Exoenzymes: Facilitate digestion outside the cell
• What are the characteristics of acid-fast organisms?

  • Wax-like, impermeable cell walls
  • Contain mycolic acid and fatty acids
  • Resistant to disinfectants and dry conditions
• What are the types of bacteria based on their temperature requirements?

  • Thermophilic: Heat-loving
  • Psychrophilic: Cold-loving
• What is the significance of endospores in bacteria?

  • Help bacteria survive unfavorable conditions
  • Resistant to UV, heat, and chemicals
• What are the characteristics of lipolytic, saccharolytic, and proteolytic bacteria?

  • Lipolytic: Hydrolyze triglycerides
  • Saccharolytic: Metabolize complex carbohydrates
  • Proteolytic: Produce protease enzymes
• What is the function of the Gram staining method?

  • Differentiate bacteria based on cell wall composition
  • Classify into Gram-positive and Gram-negative
• What are the reagents used in Gram staining?

  • Crystal violet: Primary stain
  • Gram's iodine: Mordant
  • Acetone alcohol: Decolorizer
  • Safranin: Counterstain
• What is the principle behind acid-fast staining?

  • Uses carbolfuchsin to penetrate cell walls
  • Heat assists stain penetration
  • Non-acid-fast cells lose stain during decolorization