Kapp

• In what year did Ebert's government struggle to control the high courts?

  1920
• What event did the clay courts help the government suppress?

  The Spartacus revolt
• What was the main issue Ebert's government faced in 1920?

  Growing problems with the clay courts
• What did the clay courts threaten to do in 1920?

  Turn against the republic
• How many armed men marched on Berlin during the Kapp Putsch?

  Five thousand
• Who did Ebert order to suppress the Kapp Putsch?

  Generals of the German military
• Why were the high courts largely composed of former soldiers?

  Due to the Treaty of Versailles restrictions
• What was the response of the military to Ebert's orders during the Kapp Putsch?

  They refused to open fire on the rebels
• What city did the rebels gain control of during the Kapp Putsch?

  Berlin
• Who was declared the figurehead leader of the new government?

  Wolfgang Kapp
• What strategy did Ebert's government urge in response to the Kapp Putsch?

  Passive resistance and strikes
• What essential services were disrupted due to the strikes?

  Gas, electricity, water, and transport
• What happened to Wolfgang Kapp after he attempted to flee?

  He was caught and imprisoned
• How many political murders occurred between 1919 and 1922?

  376 political murders
• Who was murdered in August 1919?

  Hugo Hasse
• Who was shot and killed in June 1922?

  Walther Rathenau
• What was the bias of the judges during political trials?

  Sympathetic to the political right
• What was the consequence for left-wing assassins compared to right-wing murderers?

  Left-wing assassins were executed, right-wing were not
• Why did political parties hire armed men?

  For protection during meetings
• What paramilitary group did the KPD have?

  Red Front Fighters
• What paramilitary group did the DNVP have?

  Steel Helmets
• What paramilitary group did the SPD have?

  Spanish Sports Court
• What was the effect of the presence of private armies?

  It often caused violence
• What were the key events of political violence in Germany from 1919 to 1922?

  • Spartacus revolt
  • Kapp Putsch
  • Political assassinations (376 total)
  • Bias in judicial system against left-wing politicians
• What were the consequences of the Kapp Putsch for the Weimar government?

  • Temporary loss of control in Berlin
  • Rise in political violence
  • Increased reliance on paramilitary groups
  • Ebert's government urged passive resistance