modern / 21st century

• skin grafts

  • by sir archibald mcindoe
  • reconstructive surgery for burn victims
• tube pedicles

  • by harold gilles
  • reconstructive surgery
• imaging technology such as MRI scan allows surgeons to see in bodies
• first heart pacemaker fitted into a patient (1961)
• keyhole surgery


  small incisions and laser techniques make operations quicker and reducing healing times