Organic reactions

• What type of bond characterizes alkenes?

  Double carbon-carbon bond
• What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes?

  $C_nH_{2n}$
• Why are alkene molecules considered unsaturated?

  They have fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes
• What are the names of the first four alkenes?

  Ethene, propene, butene, and pentene

  
• What type of solutions do carboxylic acids form in water?

  Acidic solutions
• What is a characteristic reaction of carboxylic acids?

  Typical reactions of all acids
• Are carboxylic acids strong or weak acids?

  Weak acids
• How does the pH of carboxylic acids compare to strong acids?

  Higher than strong acids
• How does the reaction rate of carboxylic acids compare to strong acids?

  Slower than strong acids
• What is the process called when carboxylic acids react with alcohols?

  Esterification
• What other compound is formed during esterification?

  Water
• What is typically used as a catalyst in esterification?

  Sulfuric acid
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  –COOH
• What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

  $C_nH_{2n+1}COOH$
• Name the first four members of the carboxylic acids homologous series.

  Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic acid

  
• When naming carboxylic acids, is the carbon in the COOH group counted?

  Yes, it is counted
• What is the formula for methanoic acid?

  HCOOH

  
• What determines the reactions of organic compounds?

  The functional group
• Why are alkenes highly reactive?

  Due to the C=C double bond
• What type of reactions do alkenes undergo?

  Addition reactions
• What happens to the double bond during an addition reaction?

  It opens up into a single bond
• What is the atom economy of addition reactions?

  100%
• How do alkenes tend to burn in air?

  With smoky flames
• Why do alkenes burn with smoky flames?

  Because of incomplete combustion
• What property of esters makes them ideal for perfumes?

  They are volatile
• What are the smells of esters described as?

  Sweet and fruity
• Where are esters commonly used?

  Perfumes and food flavorings
• Do carboxylic acids react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates?

  Yes, they do
• What products are formed when carboxylic acids react with carbonates?

  Salt, carbon dioxide, and water

  
• What part of the carboxylic acid is replaced with a metal in the reaction with carbonates?

  The hydrogen in the hydroxyl group
• What can alcohols be oxidised to form?

  Carboxylic acids
• What is the functional group of an ester?

  COO
• What is the structural relationship between esters and carboxylic acids?

  Esters have a hydrocarbon group replacing H
• What is the functional group of alcohols?

  –OH
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$
• What are the first four members of the homologous series of alcohols?

  Methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol

  
• What type of reactions do alcohols take part in with oxygen?

  Combustion reactions
• How does the solubility of alcohols in water change with increasing hydrocarbon chain length?

  Solubility decreases
• What happens when a small piece of sodium is added to ethanol?

  Hydrogen gas is produced
• What is the name of the product when sodium reacts with ethanol?

  Sodium ethoxide