(4) International Human Rights Protection

• What significant document was signed in 1215 related to human rights?

  Magna Carta
• What declaration was made during the French Revolution in 1789?

  Declaration of the Rights of Man
• When was the UN Charter established?

  1945
• What year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

  1948
• What are the sources of Human Rights Laws?

  Treaties, customary international law, general principles
• How are human rights defined?

  Rights inherent in all human beings
• What changed regarding state treatment of individuals after WW2?

  It became important to international law
• What types of rights does the UN recognize?

  Civil, cultural, political, and social rights
• What constitutes the international Bill of Human Rights?

  UDHR and its 1966 covenants
• What does Article 1(3) of the UN Charter state?

  Comprehensive human rights protection for all
• What obligations do Articles 55 and 56 impose on the UN and its member states?

  To achieve the purpose of Article 1(3)
• How is the language of the UN Charter described?

  Vague and general
• When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

  10th December 1948
• What is the significance of the UDHR?

  Milestone document in human rights history
• Who drafted the UDHR?

  Representatives from different legal backgrounds
• How many languages has the UDHR been translated into?

  More than 500 languages
• What does the ICESCR promote and protect?

  Rights to work, social protection, and education
• When did the ICESCR enter into force?

  1976
• What is the role of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights?

  Monitors implementation of the Covenant
• When did the Optional Protocol of the ICESCR enter into force?

  2013
• What rights does the ICCPR promote?

  Freedom of movement and fair trial rights
• When did the ICCPR and its First Protocol enter into force?

  1976
• When did the Second Protocol of the ICCPR come into force?

  1991
• What does the Human Rights Committee do?

  Monitors implementation of the ICCPR
• How does the HRC oversee compliance?

  Examines reports and adopts General Comments
• What happens if a contracting party refuses to comply with HRC decisions?

  Only bad publicity results
• What is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination?

  CERD (1965)
• What is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women?

  CEDAW (1979)
• What is the Convention on the Rights of the Child?

  CRC (1989)
• What is the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment?

  CAT (1984)
• What is the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities?

  CRPD (2006)
• What does the UN Charter authorize regarding human rights?

  Monitoring compliance of member states
• What is the role of the UN Human Rights Council?

  Strengthens promotion and protection of human rights
• When was the Human Rights Council established?

  2006
• What is the Universal Periodic Review (UPR)?

  Review of human rights records every four years
• What are the weaknesses of the UN human rights enforcement system?

  Not mandatory and lacks judicial mechanisms
• What is the principle of non-interference in domestic matters?

  Political assessment often prevails over human rights
• What are the regional arrangements for human rights protection?

  Inter-American, African, and European systems
• What is the role of the Council of Europe?

  Efficient and competent intergovernmental organization
• What does the EU's arrangement for human rights protection recognize?

  Human rights as general principles of EU law