theorists

• What does Ellen Ryan's research focus on regarding accents?

  Value of individuals based on accents
• How are Southern accents perceived according to Ellen Ryan?

  High on the status scale, representing power
• What was the purpose of Howard Giles' matched guise experiment?

  To determine attitudes towards different accents
• What did teenagers rate higher in Giles' experiment?

  The RP speaker over the Birmingham accent
• What did Dixon, Mahoney, and Cox study regarding accents?

  Accent of guilt in a police exchange
• How did the Birmingham accent affect perceptions of guilt in D,M,C study

  Suspect rated more guilty with Birmingham accent
• What concept does Rob Drummond's research focus on?

  Indexicality and identity
• What project did Rob Drummond conduct?

  The Manchester voice project. what makes up our identity
• What does Watts' research on dialect leveling suggest?

  Young speakers change dialect to modernize
• What image do young speakers want to dispel according to Watts?

  The 'cloth cap and clogs' image
• What did Trudgill's research focus on?

  Language, class, and gender
• What did Trudgill find about women's speech?

  More socially aspirational than men's speech
• What linguistic variant did Trudgill analyze?

  The use of -ing in speech
• Who is more likely to use non-standard linguistic variants according to Trudgill?

  lower socio-economic status and more working class speakers than middle class speakers and men rather than women
• How do formal and informal settings affect linguistic variants?

  Standard variants in formal, non-standard in informal
• What did Labov's Martha's Vineyard study reveal?

  Vowel changes imitating conservative speech patterns
• What did Labov's New York department store study focus on?

  Rhotic "R" for overt prestige
• What did John Pitt's research note about young black Londoners?

  Shift from Cockney to Jamaican accents
• What did Jenny Cheshire study in children's speech?

  Grammatical variation and social identity
• How is boys' speech variation governed according to Cheshire?

  By norms central to vernacular culture
• What did Devyani Sharma analyze in her research?

  Self recordings of Punjabi-speaking Indians
• What did Sharma note about language variants?

  Frequency of variants depends on interlocutor
• What does the concept of indexicality refer to in Sharma's research?

  Performance of ethnicity through language
• What factors control variation in speech according to the study?

  Both social and linguistic factors
• How is boys' speech variation governed?

  By norms central to vernacular culture
• What characterizes girls' speech variation?

  It appears to be a personal process
• Who conducted research on Punjabi-speaking Indians in West London?

  Devyani Sharma
• What did Sharma analyze in her recordings?

  Features with "British" or "Indian" variants
• When did peaks of Indian variants occur in Sharma's study?

  During personal or political outrage
• What does Watson's research focus on?

  Resistance to dialect levelling in Liverpool
• What is a reason for the Liverpool accent's resistance to levelling?

  Strong local identity and pride
• What are distinctive features of the Liverpool accent?

  Fricative pronunciation of /k/ and unique intonation
• How do the distinctive features of the Liverpool accent persist?

  They are maintained across generations
• What does Paul Kerwill's research focus on?

  A mixture of youth slang and MLE
• Where are many core speakers of MLE located?

  East End of London
• How does social mobility affect language use according to Kerwill?

  It led to downgrading of SE/RP
• What does SE not permit in terms of grammar?

  Double negation
• What did Millroy study in Northern Ireland?

  Language use variations in social networks
• How does living close to others affect accents according to Millroy?

  Accents are reinforced and stay strong
• What does Graham suggest about the language of the highest classes?

  It sets the standard for English pronunciation