Schizophrenia Aqa Alevel

• What is schizophrenia

  A psychotic disorder which involves a cluster of symptoms being present
• 2 examples of positive symptoms

  Delusions

  Hallucinations
• What is inter-rated reliability

  The extent to which psychiatrist can come to the same diagnosis when independently assessment patients
• What is criterion validity

  Do different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis
• Describe Rosenhans ‘sane in insane places’ study

  8 sane people go to 12 mental health hospital

  Complain of hearing a voice

  They get admitted then say symptoms have stopped

  7/8 were diagnosed with Sz
• What are the two classification systems for Sz

  Dsm-5

  ICD-11
• Outline Cheniaux et all. (2009)

  Two psychiatrist asked to diagnose 100 patients using DSM and ICD

  One diagnosed 26 with SZ using DSM

  The other diagnosed 13

  Showing poor inter rated reliability
• What is symptom overlap

  When one symptom can be represented by two or more condition
• What is co morbidity

  Two or more conditions exsist at the same time in the same person
• Outline Buckley et al. (2009)

  Sz was comorbid with depression 50%
• what is gender bias

  Inaccurate or misleading view about gender with findings generalised to everyone
• What is culture bias(ethnocentrism)

  Overlooking cultural differences by looking at behaviour from the perspective of our own culture
• Outline Luhrman et al. (2015)

  Interview 60 people with SZ, 20 from either Ghana, India or USA

  African and Indian people more positive experiences. ISA more likely negative
• What are the 3 biological explanations?

  Genetics

  Dopamine hypothesis

  Neural correlates
• What percentage of DNA is maternal in offspring?

  100% maternal
• What percentage of DNA is paternal in offspring?

  100% paternal
• What did Gottesman and Shields (1991) review in their study?

  Results of 5 twin studies on schizophrenia
• How many MZ twins were sampled in Gottesman and Shields' study?

  210 MZ twins
• How many DZ twins were sampled in Gottesman and Shields' study?

  319 DZ twins
• What was the concordance rate for MZ twins in the study?

  33-58%
• What were the concordance rates for DZ twins in the study?

  9-26%
• What was the concordance rate for MZ twins when restricted to severe schizophrenia?

  75-91%
• What conclusion did Gottesman and Shields draw regarding severe schizophrenia?

  Greater genetic coding with severe schizophrenia
• What limitation did the study mention regarding twin studies?

  Twin studies assume equal environments
• What is the main focus of the studies reviewed by Gottesman and Shields?

  Concordance rates for schizophrenia
• What are adoption studies used for?

  Evaluating interactions of genetic and environmental factors
• What did Tienari's 2015 adoption study find about children of schizophrenia sufferers?

  Higher chance of developing schizophrenia when adopted
• What conclusion can be drawn from Tienari's study regarding schizophrenia?

  Genetic factors may influence schizophrenia risk
• What is necessary for a genetic link to schizophrenia?

  Specific genes must be identified
• What is the purpose of candidate gene research?

  To isolate genes responsible for schizophrenia
• What are candidate genes?

  Genes believed to be related to a trait
• What does it mean if schizophrenia is polygenic?

  It involves multiple genes influencing the condition
• What is the implication of schizophrenia being polygenic?

  Multiple genes may contribute to its development
• What does the term "polygenic" imply in genetics?

  Involves multiple genes affecting a trait
• Why is identifying candidate genes important for future generations?

  It allows genetic traits to be passed on
• Who conducted the large scale study on schizophrenia in 2014?

  Ripke et al.
• What was the main goal of Ripke et al.'s study?

  To identify the influence of genes on schizophrenia
• How many patients were involved in Ripke et al.'s study?

  37,000 patients
• How many control people were compared in the study?

  113,000 control people
• What did Ripke et al. find regarding genetic variations and schizophrenia?

  108 genetic variations increase schizophrenia risk