A01

• What influences psychologists' beliefs and values?


  Social and historical context
• What does bias in research imply for psychologists' claims?

  Bias undermines claims of objectivity
• How does bias affect psychology's claims to universality?

  It limits applicability across cultures and times
• What are the two forms of gender bias in psychology?

  • Alpha bias
  • Beta bias
• What characterizes alpha bias in psychological research?

  Exaggeration of differences between genders
• How does Freud's theory exemplify alpha bias?

  It presents fixed differences between genders
• What happens during the phallic stage of development according to Freud?

  Both genders desire their opposite-gender parent
• How does Freud's theory suggest girls are morally inferior to boys?

  Girls have a weaker superego development
• How does Nancy Chodorow's view differ from Freud's regarding gender development?

  It emphasizes connectedness between daughters and mothers
• What is beta bias in psychological research?

  Ignoring or underestimating gender differences
• Why has biological research favored male animals?

  Female behavior is affected by hormonal changes
• What did Shelley Taylor et al. (2000) propose about women's stress response?

  Women exhibit a tend and befriend response
• What hormone is associated with the tend and befriend response?

  Oxytocin
• How does minimizing gender differences misrepresent behavior?

  It leads to inaccurate portrayals of women's behavior
• What misconception about fathers does attachment research illustrate?

  Emotional care is solely provided by mothers
• What is androcentrism in psychology?

  • Male-dominated perspective in research
  • Misunderstanding or pathologizing women's behavior
  • Limited representation of women in influential roles
• How many women were included in the APA's list of influential psychologists?

  Six women
• What criticism do feminists have regarding premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

  PMS medicalizes women's emotions unfairly
• How is men's anger typically perceived compared to women's anger?

  Men's anger is seen as rational, women's as emotional