A03

• What is alpha bias in gender differences?

  It presents gender differences as fixed and enduring
• Who conducted studies concluding girls have superior verbal ability?

  Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
• What did Maccoby and Jacklin suggest about gender differences?

  They are 'hardwired' into the brain before birth
• What did Daphna Joel et al. (2015) find regarding sex differences?

  No significant sex differences in brain structure
• Why might Maccoby and Jacklin's findings have been popularized?

  They fit existing stereotypes of gender roles
• What caution should be taken regarding research findings on gender differences?

  They may be explained better as social stereotypes
• What does research by Madura Ingalhalikar et al. (2014) suggest?

  Women may have better multitasking abilities
• How might a woman's brain differ from a man's according to Ingalhalikar's research?

  Better connections between hemispheres
• What does the text suggest about biological differences and behavior?

  We should not exaggerate their effects
• What is a limitation of gender bias in research?

  It promotes sexism in the research process
• What is the representation of women in university departments?

  Women are underrepresented, especially in science
• What is the implication of male researchers' expectations on women?

  Women may underperform in research studies
• How do institutional structures in psychology affect research findings?

  They may produce gender-biased findings
• What did Magdalena Formanowicz et al. (2018) analyze?

  Over 1000 articles on gender bias
• What was a key finding of Formanowicz et al. regarding gender bias research?

  It is funded less and published less often
• What is the consequence of less funding for gender bias research?

  Fewer scholars become aware of it
• How does gender bias in psychological research compare to other biases?

  It may not be taken as seriously