A03

• What is a limitation of influential studies in psychology?

  They are culturally-biased
• What is cultural bias in psychology?

  A feature of studies influenced by culture
• Which studies are mentioned as culturally biased?

  Asch's and Milgram's studies
• What was the demographic of participants in Asch's and Milgram's original studies?

  US participants, mostly white middle-class students
• How did Asch-type experiments differ in collectivist cultures?

  They found higher rates of conformity
• What does the individualist-collectivist distinction suggest?

  Different values in individualist and collectivist cultures
• What did Takano and Osaka (1999) find about individualism and collectivism?

  No evidence of the distinction in studies
• What is cultural psychology according to Dov Cohen (2017)?

  Study of cultural experience's influence on people
• What disciplines does cultural psychology incorporate?

  Anthropology, sociology, and political science
• What approach do cultural psychologists take to avoid bias?

  Emic approach, conducting research within cultures
• How does cross-cultural research typically differ from larger scale studies?

  Focuses on just two cultures instead of many
• What does the emergence of cultural psychology suggest about modern psychologists?

  They are mindful of cultural bias dangers
• What is one limitation of cultural bias in psychology?

  It leads to prejudice against groups
• How did the first intelligence tests affect social policies in the US?

  They led to eugenic social policies
• How many army recruits were tested with IQ tests during World War I?

  1.75 million recruits
• What was a flaw in the items on the first IQ tests?

  They were ethnocentric in nature
• What was the outcome for recruits from south-eastern Europe and African-Americans on the IQ tests?

  They received the lowest scores
• How was the poor performance of certain groups interpreted?

  As evidence of genetic inferiority
• What impact did cultural bias have on ethnic minorities in the US?

  Denied educational and professional opportunities
• How can cultural bias justify prejudice and discrimination?

  By labeling groups as inferior based on tests