A01

• What does the nature-nurture debate seek to answer?

  Influence of nature or nurture on behavior
• Why is the nature-nurture debate not truly a debate about one or the other?

  Behaviors arise from a combination of both
• What is the heritability percentage of eye color according to Bräuer and Chopra (1978)?

  About 0.80 heritable
• What did John Bowlby (1958) claim about a baby's attachment type?

  It is determined by parental love warmth
• How does Jerome Kagan (1984) view the influence on attachment relationships?

  Innate personality affects attachment relationships
• How do nature and nurture interact according to the interactionist approach?

  Nature creates nurture through temperament
• What does the diathesis-stress model suggest about behavior?

  Behavior is caused by vulnerability and triggers
• How might a genetic vulnerability for OCD manifest according to the diathesis-stress model?

  It may develop with a psychological trigger
• What does epigenetics refer to?

  Change in genetic activity without gene alteration
• How do lifestyle factors influence epigenetics?

  They leave marks that switch genes on or off
• What is a significant implication of epigenetic changes?

  They can influence future generations' genes
• What does 'nature' refer to in the nature-nurture debate?

  Inherited influences or heredity
• What did René Descartes argue about human characteristics?

  All characteristics are innate and inherited
• What does 'nurture' refer to in the nature-nurture debate?

  Influence of experience and environment
• What did John Locke argue about the mind at birth?

  The mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa)
• What levels of environment did Richard Lerner (1986) identify?

  Includes prenatal and postnatal factors
• How do prenatal factors influence development?

  Through physical and psychological influences
• What does concordance represent in measuring nature and nurture?

  Similarity of traits between individuals
• What is heritability?

  Proportion of differences due to genetic variation
• What does a heritability figure of 0.01 indicate?

  Genes contribute almost nothing to differences
• What does a heritability figure of 1.0 indicate?

  Genes are the only reason for differences
• What is the general heritability figure for IQ?

  About 0.5 across multiple studies
• What does a heritability of 0.5 for IQ imply?

  Half of intelligence is determined by genetics
• What must account for the other half of intelligence?

  Environmental factors must account for it