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Phenols
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Khadeeja
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Cards (39)
What are phenols derivatives of?
Benzene
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What is the general formula for phenols?
Ar
-OH
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How are phenols classified?
By the number of
hydroxyl
groups
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What is the simplest member of the phenol series?
Phenol
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What is the chemical formula for phenol?
C6H5OH
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What is another name for 1,2-dihydroxybenzene?
Catechol
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What is the chemical name for 3-methylphenol?
m-Cresol
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What is the chemical name for 1,3-dihydroxybenzene?
Resorcinol
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What is the chemical name for 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene?
Pyrogallol
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How are phenols prepared?
By methods different from
alcohols
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What is the major source of phenols?
Petrochemical
industry
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How is cumene hydroperoxide obtained?
By
autoxidation
of cumene
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What is the melting point of phenol?
43°C
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What is the boiling point of phenol?
182°C
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How soluble is phenol in water at 0°C?
29 g
per
100 g
of water
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What happens to phenol when it contains 5% water?
It becomes
liquid
at room temperature
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How does phenol's acidity compare to alcohols and carboxylic acids?
More
acidic than alcohols,
less
than carboxylic acids
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What explains the acidity of phenol?
Resonance theory
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What is the ionization of phenol?
An
equilibrium reaction
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How does the ionization of alcohol differ from phenol?
Alcohol is represented by a single
structure
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How do substituents affect the acidity of phenols?
Electron-withdrawing
groups increase acidity
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What is the effect of a nitro group on phenol's acidity?
Increases acidity
significantly
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How does the position of a nitro group affect acidity?
Ortho
and
para
positions increase acidity more
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How do electron-releasing groups affect phenol's acidity?
Decrease acidity by destabilizing
phenoxide ion
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Why is phenol stable in the hydroxy form?
Stability of the
benzene ring
is maintained
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Why do phenols not react with hydrogen halides?
Protonated phenol
does not form
carbocation
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What is Kolbe's reaction?
Aromatic substitution involving
phenol
and
CO2
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What product is obtained from Kolbe's reaction?
Sodium salicylate
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What is the mechanism of Kolbe's reaction?
CO2
acts as an
electrophile
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What is the Reimer-Tiemann reaction?
Formation of
ortho-
and para-
hydroxybenzaldehydes
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What is the role of dichlorocarbene in the Reimer-Tiemann reaction?
It attacks the
phenoxide
ion
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What is the major product of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction?
o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
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What are some uses of phenol?
Manufacture of
drugs
and antiseptics
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What is the characteristic smell of phenol?
It has a
distinct
odor
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What happens in the Ferric chloride test with phenol?
It gives a
violet
coloration
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What precipitate forms when phenol reacts with bromine water?
Tribromophenol
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What is phenolphthalein used for?
As an indicator in
acid-base
reactions
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What color does phenolphthalein turn in alkaline conditions?
Pink
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What happens when phenol is heated with phthalic anhydride?
Phenolphthalein
is obtained
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