Ethnicity, Hybridity etc.

• British youth culture was influenced by which notable generation of immigrants?

  Windrush Generation
• Which 2 SYSs developed from Caribbean/Black American music?

  Mods + skinheads
• Why were ethnic minorities seen as being deviant?

  They were encouraged to assimilate + conform to yt society but instead they just exaggerated their own culture
• H______ argues that all UK subs 1950's-onwards were formed as a resistance to - in 2 ways: What were they?


  Hebdige - immigration

  1. Embracing the new styles immigration brought
  2. Resisting the threat of immigration to territory/jobs
• Why do skinheads slightly defy Hebdige's theory?


  Embracing = embraced ska music

  Resisting = Resisted black migrant's presence
• Who observed the 'hyper-ethnic' style (strong + exaggerated Asian culture) displayed by British-Asian youths?


  Johal
• What did Brah say that 2nd + 3rd gen. immigrants would become accustomed to?


  Cultural code-switching
• What term did N____ coin?

  Nayak - 'white wannabes'
• Who are 'white wannabes'?


  Yt youths influenced by black music + style > Eminem
• Who are modern primitives?

  US neo-tribe focussing on self-expression characterised by body mods
• Why are modern primitives seen as hybrid? (HINT: V. literal)

  They mix modern with the primitive
• What did Vale & Juno argue?


  M. primitives body mod. due to the powerlessness they feel from living in a fast-changing world, so they can take control
• Who said the following ab. cultural appropriation:

  • Western cultures strip the meaning from symbols to use them superficially
  • There should be a 2-way exchange process which irl isn't the case
  • Appropriation is exploitative + disrespectful 


  Hutky
• Who were Ragga girls?

  • 1980s-90s blk girls who adopted hip-hop + ragga music
  • They used their subculture to resist against the sexism it embodied
• Who said that young W are reclaiming public space + controlling sexuality as they experience more economic/social opportunities?

  McRobbie