respiration

• what three stages is respiration seperated into?

  • glycolysis

  • citric acid cycle

  • electron transport chain
• where is the site of glycolysis?

  cytoplasm
• where is the site of the citric acid cycle?

  matrix of the mitochondria
• where is the site of the electron transport chain?

  inner mitochondrial membrane
• what is glycolysis controlled by?

  enzymes
• does glycolysis require oxygen?

  no
• what is the first phase of glycolysis?

  energy investment phase
• what does the energy investment phase require?

  2 molecules of ATP
• what happens during the energy investment phase?

  the ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose and intermediates
• what happens during the energy pay off stage?

  4 molecules of ATP are produced
• why is there a net gain of 2 ATP in glycolysis?

  4 molecules of ATP are produced but only 2 molecules are used up
• what do dehydrogenase enzymes do?

  remove hydrogen ions and electrons
• where are dehydrogenase enzymes passed onto?

  passed to co-enzyme NAD to become NADH
• where are hydrogen ions and electrons passed onto after glycolysis?

  electron transport chain
• what happens when oxygen becomes available in glycolysis?

  the pyruvate diffuses into the matrix of the mitocondria
• is oxygen needed in the citric acid cycle?

  yes
• what is the citric acid cycle?

  a series of dehydrogenase enzyme controlled reactions
• what does the citric acid result in?

  the generation of ATP and the realise of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and electrons
• what is the first stage of the citric acid cycle?

  pyruvate is converted to acetyl
• what is the second stage of the citric acid cycle?

  acetyl combines with co-enzyme A
• what is the third stage of the citric acid cycle?

  Acetyl co-enzyme A is formed
• what is the fourth stage of the citric acid cycle?

  acetyl co-enzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
• what is the fifth stage of the citric acid cycle?

  through enzyme controlled reactions, citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate
• what is the sixth stage of the citric acid cycle?

  Co2 is released
• what is the seventh stage of the citric acid cycle?

  dehydrogenase enzymes removes hydrogen ions and electrons
• what is the eighth stage of the citric acid cycle?

  hydrogen ions and electrons are passed onto NAD to form NADH then passed onto the electron transport chain
• is oxygen needed in the electron transport chain?

  yes
• what do hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH form?

  ATP and H2O
• what is the electron transport chain?

  a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane
• what do electrons + hydrogen + oxygen form?

  water ions
• what is the final hydrogen acceptor?

  oxygen
• what is the first stage of the electron transport chain?

  the electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH are passed along the electron transport chain
• what is the second

  stage of the electron transport chain?

  this releases energy
• what is the third

  stage of the electron transport chain?

  this energy allows hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane
• what is the fourth stage of the electron transport chain?

  hydrogen ions flow back through a protein called ATP synthase
• what is the fifth stage of the electron transport chain?

  this produces ATP
• what is the sixth stage of the electron transport chain?

  hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen to produce water (oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor)