Infection and response

• List 3 viral diseases and their effects

  Measles: fever, red skin rash

  HIV: flu like symptoms, leads to AIDS

  Tobacco mosaic virus: affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
• List 2 bacterial diseases and their effects

  Salmonella: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

  Gonorrhoea: yellow discharge from penis or vagina
• Name 3 fungal diseases

  Rose black spot, rose black spot, thrush
• Define pathogen

  A disease causing micro-organism
• Give a disease caused by a protist

  Malaria
• Describe how a virus causes a disease

  Viruses live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage
• List the first lines of defence against infection

  Skin, nose, trachea and bronchi, stomach
• Describe how a bacteria causes a disease

  Produces toxins which damage tissues
• List the ways that white blood cells fight disease

  Phagocytosis (engulfing), antibody production, antitoxin production
• Describe how a vaccine works

  Introduce small quantities of dead or inactive pathogen, white blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies. If the same pathogen re-enters the body, white blood cells respond quickly by producing more antibodies more quickly due to memory cells
• Explain the use of antibiotics

  To cure bacterial diseases by killing infective bacteria inside the body
• Explain the use of painkillers

  Used to treat symptoms of disease
• List the stages in the development of drugs

  Pre-clinical trials (cells, tissues and animals)

  Clinical trials
• What is the role of a placebo?

  Used as a fake drug to check for the efficacy of the drug
• Describe a double blind drug trial

  Neither the patient nor the doctor know who receives the placebo