surveillance
Cards (13)
- surveillance statistics-1:13 - one camera per 13 people-investigatory power act 2016: can access last 12 months of internet usage without a warrant-71% of police have body cameras-average person is seen on CCTV 70 times a day-about 8 million CCTV cameras in the UK-about 40 million number plates scanned by ANPR everyday
- types of surveillance-physical surveillance e.g., people & CCTV-liquid surveillance e.g., accessing the internet & bank transfers - not physically seeing the individual-self-surveillance e.g., policing yourself - regulating your behaviour because you think you're being observed
- disiplinary society - Foucault-disiplinary power: dominant in the 19th century, a system of discipline the seeks to govern all without physical violence-panopticon: example of disiplinary power. All prison cells are visible from a control tower but prisoners are not sure if they're being watched but, the possibility is there. This turns into self-surveillance.-carceral society: the panopticon model is being internalised & transferred to other institutions e.g., education. This is called carceral archipelago
- synoptic surveillance - thinkers-Mathieson-Thompson-Mann et al
- Mathieson-surveillance is also bottom-up, the few watch the many as well as the many watching the few-the media enables this approach-called this synopticon
- Thompson-powerful groups e.g., politicians fear the media's surveillance, this acts as social control for their actions
- Mann et al-ordinary people can control the controllers through widespread camera ownership e.g., filming the police doing wrong-this is called sousurveillance
- synoptic surveillance AO3-McCahill: bottom-up scrutiny can reverse established hierarchies of surveillance e.g., anti-terrorism laws-sousurveillance can be removed e.g., the powerful removing phones
- post-panopticon societyBauman & Lyon-it is not just the thought of being watched but the knowledge that we are monitored that controls our behaviour-surveillance is no longer centralised, it is de-centralised, surveillance does not happen in one place, it is everywhere e.g., liquid surveillance (coined by Bauman)-we do not always know that we are being watched e.g., accepting cookies online-Lyon: data-driven surveillance e.g., facial recognition
- actuarial justice - surveillance society-Feely & Simon developed this saying that actuarial justice is now involved in crime e.g., finding people who are more likely to be involved in crime before they commit crime. Example: Islamophobia after 9/11 & people being stopped at the airport.-about identifying risks & the potential of something going wrong e.g., car insurance companies-there is no longer an interest in rehabilitation but there is more interest in preventing offenders-Gary Marx - categorical suspicion: people are only seen as suspicious if they are part of a certain group-Lyon - social sorting: to categorise people so they can be treated differently based on their risk of criminality. Categorical suspicion leads to this.AO3: very racist, segregates people
- Kilburn experiment-Newburn & Hayman-spent 18 months in Kilburn custody suites looking at CCTV-panopticon surveillance is the best-CCTV is as much protection as it is an erosion of civil liberties-had a negative impact on mental health as prisoners were paranoid that they were being watched
- AO3 - overall of surveillance-Kosek: physical surveillance (CCTV) is an extension of the male-gaze-use of overt observations in Kilburn experiment increases the validity as is data-rich-It is evidence that the carceral society is happening
- AO2 - China social credit system-ranks citizens, a mark out of 950, anything 500 or less = really bad-keeps track of all spendings etc that ranks citizens as good or bad-if someone has a good score they get benefits; if someone has a bad score they get named & shamed/loss of rights/blacklisted-an example of actuarial justice as people are categorised-an example of sousurveillance-an example of self-surveillance e.g., what you buy in shops