Where the government or state takes responsibility for peoples well being, especially their basic needs
Vocational
Connected to a career. Vocational education, and training transmits knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to Perdue particular careers
Variables
Any factor that can change or vary; such as age, gender, occupation or income
Values
Ideas of believes around general principles or goals
Value consensus
Agreement among society’s members about what values are important
Validity
The capicity of a research method to measure what it is set out to measure, a true or genuine picture of what something is really like
urbanisation
The process of change from a rural society where the majority of the population lives in the countryside to an urban society where most people lives in towns and cities
unit of production
Where family members work together as economic producers
Unit of consumption
Unlike the pre-industrial family, the modern family no longer works together, but still consumes together as a single unit or group the income that it’s members earn
underclass
From a new right perspective, the lowest level of social class structure, below the working class
Triple shift
Doing housework, paid work and offering emotional support
tripartite system
The system of education based on three types of schools. Those identified as having academic ability went to grammar schools, most working class children went to secondary modern schools
Triangulation
The use of two or more different sources of data so that they compliment each other, the strengths of one countering the weakness of another
Symmetrical family
A nuclear family with equal roles in the household
Symbolic violence
bourdieu concept- it refers to the harm done by denying someone symbolic capital ( status and value)
Symbolic capital
Bourdieu-it refers to the status, recognition and sense of worth we are able to obtain from others, especially those of a similar position to us
Subjectivity
Bias, lack of objectivity, where the individuals own viewpoint influences their perception or judgement
Subculture
A group of people within society who share norms, values, beliefs and attitudes that are in some way different from or opposed to the mainstream culture
Structural theories
see individuals as entirely shaped by the way society is structured or organised
Streaming
Where children are seperwted into different ability groups or classes and then each ability group is taught separately from others for all subject
Stratification
The division of society into hierarchy of unequal groups. the inequalities may be wealth, power and or status
Stigma
A negative label or mark of dissaproval, discredit, or shame attached to a person, group or characteristic
Stereotype
a simplified, one-sided and often negative image of a group or individual which assumes that all members of that group share the same characteristics
status
A position in society
Stabilisation of adult personalities
According to parsons one of the two functions of the nuclear family along with primary socialisation. It is a place where adults can relax and release tentiond, enabling them to to return to the workplace ready to meet its demands
Speech codes
Patterns or ways of using language. Bernstein argues that the working class use the context bound restricted cos]de whereas the middle class uses the elaborated code
Socialisation
The process by which am individual learns of internalises the culture of society
Socialsurvey
Any research method that involves systemativslly collecting information from a group of people by asking them questions
Social policy
The actions, plans and programmes of government bodies and agencies that aim to deal with a problem or achieve a goal
Social control
This means a society tries to ensure that it’s memberd behave as others expect them to. control can be formal or informal
Social construction
Where something is created by social processes rather than simply occuring naturally
Social class
social grouping or hierarchy based on differences in wealth, income or occupation
Social action theories
See individuals as having free will and choice, and the pier to create society through their actions and interactions, rather than being shaped by society
Sexuality
Sexual orientation, a persons sexual prefernces or sexual identity
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination on the grounds of sex
Separatism
A radical feminist idea that women should live independently of men as the only way to free themselves from the patriachal oppression to the heterosexual family
Self- fulfilling prophecy
Where a prediction is made about a person or group comes true simply because it has been made
Selection
In education the process of choosing and allocating pupils to a particular school, class or stream
Secularisation
The decline of religion and its beliefs, practices and institutions lose their importance or influence
Secondary data
Information collected not by sociologists themselves, it’s collected by someone else