lecture 4 - imagery

    Cards (74)

    • According to the principle presented, what is imagery considered to be?
      A special form of mental representation
    • According to the principle presented, who uses imagery more, children or adults?
      Children
    • According to the lecture, what is mental imagery?
      A form of representation
    • Mental imagery is based on information drawn from what?
      Memory
    • Where does the information used in mental imagery come from?
      Memory as opposed to raw sensory inputs
    • What are two functions of imagery mentioned in the lecture?
      Predict future events, cognitive tasks
    • What cognitive tasks can imagery be helpful for?
      • Insight
      • Attentional search
      • Guiding deliberate actions
      • Short-term storage
      • Long-term memory retrieval
    • What does visual perception capture, according to the lecture?
      Spatial structure of an object
    • What does imagery create to make explicit properties of objects?
      Representation
    • According to the lecture, when does confusion between imagery and perception occur?
      In the case of hallucinations
    • Why don’t we usually confuse images with perceptions?
      We are aware we constructed images
    • How does the level of detail compare between images and visual perceptions?
      Images are usually less detailed
    • According to perceptual anticipation theory, what kind of representations are visual images?
      Depictive representations
    • According to Pearson & Kosslyn, what do the distances among the parts in the representation correspond to?
      Actual distances among the parts
    • According to perceptual anticipation theory, what brain areas are involved in visual images?
      Same as early visual processing
    • What theory argues that visual perception and visual imagery depend on the same visual buffer?
      Kossyln’s perceptual anticipation theory
    • According to Kossyln’s perceptual anticipation theory, what two predictions follow?
      Facilitation and interference
    • Who conducted an experiment showing evidence for facilitation between imagery and perception?
      Pearson, Clifford & Tong (2008)
    • In the Pearson, Clifford & Tong experiment, what was presented to each eye of the participants?
      Green or red horizontal grating
    • What was more likely to be perceived under binocular rivalry conditions?
      Stimulus originally perceived/imagined
    • What did the findings of Pearson, Clifford, & Tong imply about visual imagery?
      Relies on similar processes to perception
    • Who conducted a dual task experiment that showed interference between visual imagery tasks?
      Baddeley & Andrade, 2000
    • What was the primary task in the Baddeley & Andrade experiment?
      Rating vividness of images
    • What secondary task reduced the vividness of visual imagery in the Baddeley & Andrade study?
      Spatial tapping
    • What secondary task reduced the vividness of auditory imagery more than visual imagery?
      Counting task
    • Who proposed the dual coding hypothesis?
      Pavio (1991)
    • According to Pavio's dual coding hypothesis, what are the two codes for?
      Visual, verbal representation
    • According to Pavio's dual coding hypothesis, what kind of words are recalled better?
      Concrete, imageable words
    • Who studied mental rotation?
      Shepard & Metzler, 1971
    • What was the relationship between decision time and degree of rotation in the Shepard & Metzler study?
      Linearly related
    • Which brain areas are activated by both viewing and imaging an object?
      Early visual cortex
    • Which areas of the brain are activated by both viewing and imaging an object?
      BA17 and BA18
    • Imagery is associated with greater activation of which area of the cortex?
      Posterior left cortex
    • In brain connectivity studies, which brain areas are associated with bottom-up processing?
      Early visual cortex, fusiform gyrus
    • In brain connectivity studies, which brain areas are associated with top-down processing?
      Intraparietal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus
    • What neuropsychological case showed a dissociation between visual perception and imagery?
      The case of C.K.
    • What deficits did C.K. show?
      Severe deficits in object recognition
    • What ability did C.K. retain?
      To draw from memory
    • What object discrimination difficulties did C.K. have?
      Unable to discriminate overlapping figures
    • In what ways was C.K. able to use visual shapes?
      Imagine, manipulate, and alter them