MSK

• Lateral


  Furthest from the midline
• medial


  closest to the midline
• anterior


  front of the body
• posterior


  back of the body
• distal


  furthest away from the specific reference point
• proximal


  closest to the specific reference point
• superior


  above
• inferior


  below
• axial skeleton

  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • rib cage
  • provides support and protection
• appendicular skeleton

  • the limbs
  • girdles
  • facilitates movement
• cranium 


  part of the skull that encloses the brain
• mandible 


  jaw
• vertebrae

  • makes up the spinal column
  • separated by cartilaginous discs and held together by ligament
  • encloses and protects the spinal cord
• clavicle

  • collar bone
  • part of the shoulder and connects to the sternum
  • allows for shoulder and upper arm movement
• scapula

  • shoulder blade
  • connects to the humerus to allow for arm movement
• sternum

  • long late bone in the centre of the chest
  • centre point of the ribcage
  • connected to ribs by cartilage
• ribs

  • make up the ribcage
  • attach to sternum by cartilage
• ribcage

  • consists of 12 pairs of ribs, sternum and spinal column
  • protects vital organs within the thoracic and part of abdominal cavities
• humerus

  • long bone of the upper arm
  • the head of the bone is almost hemispherical and forms a joint with the shoulder
• radius

  • long bone of forearm
  • sits lateral side of elbow
  • thicker than ulnar
• ulna

  • long bone of forearm
  • sits medial side of elbow
  • longer than radius
• metacarpals


  finger bones
• pelvis

  • formed from sacrum and coccyx and the two hip bones
  • forms the femoral joint and protects reproductive and lower abdominal organs
• femur

  • thigh bone
  • joins with pelvis and tibia at the patella
• patella

  • kneecap
  • important for hinge movements
• tibia

  • shinbone
  • lies anterior to the fibula and connects to the ankle
• fibula

  • lies anterior to the tibia and helps to stabilise the ankle
• metatarsals


  toe bones
• subcategorisation of bones

  • flat bones - sternum
  • irregular bones - vertebrae
  • long bones - femur
  • sesamoid bones - patella
  • short bones - metacarpals
• types of joints

  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
• fibrous joints


  fusion of two bones together to create a structure
• cartilaginous joints


  connection of bones with cartilage that allows a degree of movment
• synovial joints

  • all have cartilage for cushioning between bones
  • contain synovial casual consisting of connective tissue containing synovial fluid
  • helps to lubricate the joint allowing smoother movement and reducing bone wear down
• muscular structure

  • striated muscles found within the MSK system
  • tendons are also associated
  • tendons connect muscle to bones
• muscular anatomy

  • Muscles are made up of muscle cells called muscle fibres
  • Muscle fibres containing many myofibrils which are responsible for muscle contraction
  • Muscle fibres are held together by connective tissue sheath (fascia)
• cardiac muscle 


  responsible for cardiac contraction
• skeletal muscle


  responsible for voluntary body movement
• smooth muscle 


  responsible for involuntary body movement
• Blood production

  • Long bones contain spongy tissue called bone marrow
  • The bone marrow contains stem cells that can develop into different types of blood cells
• mineral storage

  • bone contains large sources of the inorganic compound calcium phosphate
  • calcium uptake is stimulated by vitamin D presence
  • calcium and phosphate concentrations are regulated by PTH and calcitonin