Teleo

• According to Aquinas, what kind of behavior do we observe in natural beings?

  Goal-directed
• According to Aquinas, why can't natural beings direct their own goal-directed behavior?

  They are not sufficiently intelligent
• What does Aquinas infer from the goal-directed behavior of natural beings?

  An intelligent being is responsible for it
• According to Aquinas, what human action is analogous to the intelligent being directing natural beings?

  An archer shooting an arrow
• According to Aquinas, what inference can be made from observing an arrow directed towards a target?

  There must be an archer who shot it
• According to Aquinas, what can be inferred from the goal-directed behavior of non-intelligent natural beings?

  There must be an intelligent mind responsible
• According to Aquinas' 5th way, what governs the behavior of objects?

  Natural laws
• According to Aquinas, what inclines all beings towards their goal (telos)?

  Their nature
• According to Aquinas, what directs objects towards their good end?

  The design and creation of natural laws
• What property does Paley say a watch has that suggests design?

  Complexity enabling purpose
• According to Paley, what property observed in a watch is also observed in nature?

  Purpose enabled by complexity
• According to Paley, what inference can be made about the designer of nature, based on nature's grandeur?

  The designer is greater than any human designer
• How is Paley's design argument typically interpreted?

  Inductive and a posteriori
• According to Paley, what is the relationship between a designer and what is designed?

  A designer is distinct from what is designed
• According to Paley, what combination indicates design by a mind?

  Complexity with its enabling of a purpose
• What does Swinburne say about analogical argumentation?

  It is scientifically valid
• According to Swinburne, what is rational to hypothesize if X is similar to Y and the cause of Y is known?

  The cause of X is similar to the cause of Y
• According to Hume, what can be true of things that are like each other?

  They can have very different causes
• According to Hume, what is the universe more like than a machine?

  An organic thing
• What do versions of the design argument based on probability focus on?

  Complexity and purpose
• According to Hume, what would the design argument not prove, even if it worked?

  The Christian God in particular
• What does Swinburne use to counter Hume's idea of a committee of Gods?

  Ockham's razor
• What do Aquinas, Paley, and Swinburne broadly follow?

  Aquinas’ Natural theology
• What is the intended goal of reasoned inductive arguments in natural theology?

  To support faith
• What did Hume falsely assume about the aim of the design argument's proponents?

  They aimed for more
• How did Darwin describe natural selection in relation to design?

  He could not see evidence of design
• What does Hume's evidential problem of evil claim about nature designed differently?

  Excessive suffering could have been avoided
• What does natural evil serve as evidence against?

  A perfect creator and designer
• What do religious philosophers attempt to respond to regarding God and evil?

  God cannot remove evil without removing good
• According to the evaluation, why are theodicies unsuccessful?

  Natural evil kills innocents
• What does Hick argue regarding apparently random evil?

  It's how a perfect God would design the world
• What does the design argument fail to do in relation to natural theologians' aims?

  Support faith in the Christian God
• What can evolution by natural selection explain?

  Complexity and purpose of organisms
• What happens to members of a species better adapted to their environment?

  They are more likely to survive
• According to Dawkins, what is the 'blind watchmaker'?

  Natural selection
• What does Dawkins suggest about belief in a designer?

  It is unnecessary
• What does Aquinas' version of the design argument focus on, besides animals?

  Everything, such as planets
• What has the concept of 'telos' come to be seen as?

  An unscientific concept
• Who reformulated the design argument to address evolution?

  1. R. Tennant
• What does Tennant's anthropic principle claim?

  God designed the earth for evolution