Cell Respiration

• What are the roles of hydrogen and oxygen in cellular energy release?

  They are essential for energy release.
• What is ATP?

  Adenosine Triphosphate
• What are the components of ATP?

  Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
• Why is ATP considered suitable for energy currency?

  It is small, water-soluble, and quickly regenerated
• Name three properties of ATP.

  Small and water-soluble, high energy bonds, quickly regenerated
• What processes require ATP in cells?

  Active transport, synthesis of macromolecules, cell movement, chromosome movement
• What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

  Interconversion between ATP and ADP
• What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP?

  ATP is broken down into ADP and Pi, releasing energy
• What type of reaction is the synthesis of ATP?

  Endergonic reaction
• What type of reaction breaks down ATP?

  Exergonic reaction
• What are the end products of aerobic respiration?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 → 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$ATP$
• What is anaerobic respiration?

  Respiration that does not require oxygen
• Where does anaerobic respiration occur in humans?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the net gain of ATP from anaerobic respiration?

  2 ATP per glucose molecule
• What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation in animals?

  Lactic acid
• What is the equation for lactic acid fermentation?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 → 2C_3H_6O_3 +$$2ATP$
• What factors affect the rate of cell respiration?

  Temperature, oxygen availability, glucose concentration, pH, inhibitors
• How does temperature affect respiration rate?

  Higher temperatures increase respiration rate
• What is the consequence of respiration for ecosystems?

  Releases carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
• What are two limitations of sensors measuring ATP production?

  Accuracy and sensitivity
• How can results from ATP production measurements be made more reliable?

  Calibrate sensors and repeat measurements
• What are the life processes that require ATP?

  • Active transport
  • Synthesis of macromolecules
  • Cell movement
  • Chromosome movement
• What is the difference between cell respiration, gas exchange, and ventilation?

  • Cell respiration: Producing ATP by breaking down glucose.
  • Gas exchange: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
  • Ventilation: Mechanical process of moving air in and out of lungs.
• What are the differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration in humans?

  • Aerobic Respiration:
  • Requires oxygen
  • Occurs in mitochondria
  • Produces 36-38 ATP
  • End products: CO2 and water

  
  

  • Anaerobic Respiration:
  • Does not require oxygen
  • Occurs in cytoplasm
  • Produces 2 ATP
  • End products: Lactic acid or ethanol and CO2
• What factors affect the rate of cell respiration?

  • Temperature
  • Oxygen availability
  • Glucose concentration
  • pH
  • Inhibitors
• What are the consequences of respiration for ecosystems?

  • Releases carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
  • Creates a cycle of energy and matter